	Some less-widely known details of TCP connections.

	Properly closing the connection.

After this code sequence:

    sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    connect(sock, &remote, sizeof(remote));
    write(sock, buffer, 1000000);

a large block of data is only buffered by kernel, it can't be sent all at once.
What will happen if we close the socket?

"A host MAY implement a 'half-duplex' TCP close sequence, so that
 an application that has called close() cannot continue to read
 data from the connection. If such a host issues a close() call
 while received data is still pending in TCP, or if new data is
 received after close() is called, its TCP SHOULD send a RST
 to show that data was lost."

IOW: if we just close(sock) now, kernel can reset the TCP connection,
discarding some not-yet sent data.

What can be done about it?

Solution #1: block until sending is done:

    /* When enabled, a close(2) or shutdown(2) will not return until
     * all queued messages for the socket have been successfully sent
     * or the linger timeout has been reached.
     */
    struct linger {
	int l_onoff;    /* linger active */
	int l_linger;   /* how many seconds to linger for */
    } linger;
    linger.l_onoff = 1;
    linger.l_linger = SOME_NUM;
    setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_LINGER, &linger, sizeof(linger));
    close(sock);

Solution #2: tell kernel that you are done sending.
This makes kernel send FIN after all data is written:

    shutdown(sock, SHUT_WR);
    close(sock);

However, experiments on Linux 3.9.4 show that kernel can return from
shutdown() and from close() before all data is sent,
and if peer sends any data to us after this, kernel stll responds with
RST before all our data is sent.

In practice the protocol in use often does not allow peer to send
such data to us, in which case this solution is acceptable.

If you know that peer is going to close its end after it sees our FIN
(as EOF), it might be a good idea to perform a read after shutdown().
When read finishes with 0-sized result, we conclude that peer received all
the data, saw EOF, and closed its end.

However, this incurs small performance penalty (we run for a longer time)
and requires safeguards (nonblocking reads, timeouts etc) against
malicious peers which don't close the connection.


	Defeating Nagle.

Method #1: manually control whether partial sends are allowed:

This prevents partially filled packets being sent:

    int state = 1;
    setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_CORK, &state, sizeof(state));

and this forces last, partially filled packet (if any) to be sent:

    int state = 0;
    setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_CORK, &state, sizeof(state));

Method #2: make any write to immediately send data, even if it's partial:

    int state = 1;
    setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &state, sizeof(state));