test/test_nat44_ed.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3

import unittest
from io import BytesIO
from random import randint, choice

import re
import scapy.compat
from framework import VppTestCase, VppLoInterface
from asfframework import VppTestRunner, tag_fixme_ubuntu2204, is_distro_ubuntu2204
from scapy.data import IP_PROTOS
from scapy.layers.inet import IP, TCP, UDP, ICMP, GRE
from scapy.layers.inet import IPerror, TCPerror
from scapy.layers.l2 import Ether
from scapy.packet import Raw
from statistics import variance
from syslog_rfc5424_parser import SyslogMessage, ParseError
from syslog_rfc5424_parser.constants import SyslogSeverity
from util import ppp, pr, ip4_range
from vpp_acl import AclRule, VppAcl, VppAclInterface
from vpp_ip_route import VppIpRoute, VppRoutePath
from vpp_papi import VppEnum
from util import StatsDiff


class TestNAT44ED(VppTestCase):
    """NAT44ED Test Case"""

    nat_addr = "10.0.10.3"

    tcp_port_in = 6303
    tcp_port_out = 6303

    udp_port_in = 6304
    udp_port_out = 6304

    icmp_id_in = 6305
    icmp_id_out = 6305

    tcp_external_port = 80

    max_sessions = 100

    def setUp(self):
        super().setUp()
        self.plugin_enable()

    def tearDown(self):
        super().tearDown()
        if not self.vpp_dead:
            self.plugin_disable()

    def plugin_enable(self, max_sessions=None):
        max_sessions = max_sessions or self.max_sessions
        self.vapi.nat44_ed_plugin_enable_disable(sessions=max_sessions, enable=1)

    def plugin_disable(self):
        self.vapi.nat44_ed_plugin_enable_disable(enable=0)

    @property
    def config_flags(self):
        return VppEnum.vl_api_nat_config_flags_t

    @property
    def nat44_config_flags(self):
        return VppEnum.vl_api_nat44_config_flags_t

    @property
    def syslog_severity(self):
        return VppEnum.vl_api_syslog_severity_t

    @property
    def server_addr(self):
        return self.pg1.remote_hosts[0].ip4

    @staticmethod
    def random_port():
        return randint(1024, 65535)

    @staticmethod
    def proto2layer(proto):
        if proto == IP_PROTOS.tcp:
            return TCP
        elif proto == IP_PROTOS.udp:
            return UDP
        elif proto == IP_PROTOS.icmp:
            return ICMP
        else:
            raise Exception("Unsupported protocol")

    @classmethod
    def create_and_add_ip4_table(cls, i, table_id=0):
        cls.vapi.ip_table_add_del(is_add=1, table={"table_id": table_id})
        i.set_table_ip4(table_id)

    @classmethod
    def configure_ip4_interface(cls, i, hosts=0, table_id=None):
        if table_id:
            cls.create_and_add_ip4_table(i, table_id)

        i.admin_up()
        i.config_ip4()
        i.resolve_arp()

        if hosts:
            i.generate_remote_hosts(hosts)
            i.configure_ipv4_neighbors()

    @classmethod
    def nat_add_interface_address(cls, i):
        cls.vapi.nat44_add_del_interface_addr(sw_if_index=i.sw_if_index, is_add=1)

    def nat_add_inside_interface(self, i):
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            flags=self.config_flags.NAT_IS_INSIDE, sw_if_index=i.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )

    def nat_add_outside_interface(self, i):
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            flags=self.config_flags.NAT_IS_OUTSIDE, sw_if_index=i.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )

    def nat_add_address(self, address, twice_nat=0, vrf_id=0xFFFFFFFF, is_add=1):
        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_TWICE_NAT if twice_nat else 0
        self.vapi.nat44_add_del_address_range(
            first_ip_address=address,
            last_ip_address=address,
            vrf_id=vrf_id,
            is_add=is_add,
            flags=flags,
        )

    def nat_add_static_mapping(
        self,
        local_ip,
        external_ip="0.0.0.0",
        local_port=0,
        external_port=0,
        vrf_id=0,
        is_add=1,
        external_sw_if_index=0xFFFFFFFF,
        proto=0,
        tag="",
        flags=0,
    ):
        if not (local_port and external_port):
            flags |= self.config_flags.NAT_IS_ADDR_ONLY

        self.vapi.nat44_add_del_static_mapping(
            is_add=is_add,
            local_ip_address=local_ip,
            external_ip_address=external_ip,
            external_sw_if_index=external_sw_if_index,
            local_port=local_port,
            external_port=external_port,
            vrf_id=vrf_id,
            protocol=proto,
            flags=flags,
            tag=tag,
        )

    @classmethod
    def setUpClass(cls):
        super().setUpClass()
        if is_distro_ubuntu2204 == True and not hasattr(cls, "vpp"):
            return

        cls.create_pg_interfaces(range(12))
        cls.interfaces = list(cls.pg_interfaces[:4])

        cls.create_and_add_ip4_table(cls.pg2, 10)

        for i in cls.interfaces:
            cls.configure_ip4_interface(i, hosts=3)

        # test specific (test-multiple-vrf)
        cls.vapi.ip_table_add_del(is_add=1, table={"table_id": 1})

        # test specific (test-one-armed-nat44-static)
        cls.pg4.generate_remote_hosts(2)
        cls.pg4.config_ip4()
        cls.vapi.sw_interface_add_del_address(
            sw_if_index=cls.pg4.sw_if_index, prefix="10.0.0.1/24"
        )
        cls.pg4.admin_up()
        cls.pg4.resolve_arp()
        cls.pg4._remote_hosts[1]._ip4 = cls.pg4._remote_hosts[0]._ip4
        cls.pg4.resolve_arp()

        # test specific interface (pg5)
        cls.pg5._local_ip4 = "10.1.1.1"
        cls.pg5._remote_hosts[0]._ip4 = "10.1.1.2"
        cls.pg5.set_table_ip4(1)
        cls.pg5.config_ip4()
        cls.pg5.admin_up()
        cls.pg5.resolve_arp()

        # test specific interface (pg6)
        cls.pg6._local_ip4 = "10.1.2.1"
        cls.pg6._remote_hosts[0]._ip4 = "10.1.2.2"
        cls.pg6.set_table_ip4(1)
        cls.pg6.config_ip4()
        cls.pg6.admin_up()
        cls.pg6.resolve_arp()

        rl = list()

        rl.append(
            VppIpRoute(
                cls,
                "0.0.0.0",
                0,
                [VppRoutePath("0.0.0.0", 0xFFFFFFFF, nh_table_id=0)],
                register=False,
                table_id=1,
            )
        )
        rl.append(
            VppIpRoute(
                cls,
                "0.0.0.0",
                0,
                [VppRoutePath(cls.pg1.local_ip4, cls.pg1.sw_if_index)],
                register=False,
            )
        )
        rl.append(
            VppIpRoute(
                cls,
                cls.pg5.remote_ip4,
                32,
                [VppRoutePath("0.0.0.0", cls.pg5.sw_if_index)],
                register=False,
                table_id=1,
            )
        )
        rl.append(
            VppIpRoute(
                cls,
                cls.pg6.remote_ip4,
                32,
                [VppRoutePath("0.0.0.0", cls.pg6.sw_if_index)],
                register=False,
                table_id=1,
            )
        )
        rl.append(
            VppIpRoute(
                cls,
                cls.pg6.remote_ip4,
                16,
                [VppRoutePath("0.0.0.0", 0xFFFFFFFF, nh_table_id=1)],
                register=False,
                table_id=0,
            )
        )

        for r in rl:
            r.add_vpp_config()

        cls.no_diff = StatsDiff(
            {
                pg.sw_if_index: {
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/fastpath/tcp": 0,
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/fastpath/udp": 0,
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/fastpath/icmp": 0,
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/fastpath/drops": 0,
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/tcp": 0,
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/udp": 0,
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/icmp": 0,
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/drops": 0,
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/fastpath/tcp": 0,
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/fastpath/udp": 0,
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/fastpath/icmp": 0,
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/fastpath/drops": 0,
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/tcp": 0,
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/udp": 0,
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/icmp": 0,
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/drops": 0,
                }
                for pg in cls.pg_interfaces
            }
        )

    def get_err_counter(self, path):
        return self.statistics.get_err_counter(path)

    def reass_hairpinning(
        self,
        server_addr,
        server_in_port,
        server_out_port,
        host_in_port,
        proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
        ignore_port=False,
    ):
        layer = self.proto2layer(proto)

        if proto == IP_PROTOS.tcp:
            data = b"A" * 4 + b"B" * 16 + b"C" * 3
        else:
            data = b"A" * 16 + b"B" * 16 + b"C" * 3

        # send packet from host to server
        pkts = self.create_stream_frag(
            self.pg0, self.nat_addr, host_in_port, server_out_port, data, proto
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        frags = self.pg0.get_capture(len(pkts))
        p = self.reass_frags_and_verify(frags, self.nat_addr, server_addr)
        if proto != IP_PROTOS.icmp:
            if not ignore_port:
                self.assertNotEqual(p[layer].sport, host_in_port)
            self.assertEqual(p[layer].dport, server_in_port)
        else:
            if not ignore_port:
                self.assertNotEqual(p[layer].id, host_in_port)
        self.assertEqual(data, p[Raw].load)

    def frag_out_of_order(
        self, proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp, dont_translate=False, ignore_port=False
    ):
        layer = self.proto2layer(proto)

        if proto == IP_PROTOS.tcp:
            data = b"A" * 4 + b"B" * 16 + b"C" * 3
        else:
            data = b"A" * 16 + b"B" * 16 + b"C" * 3
        self.port_in = self.random_port()

        for i in range(2):
            # in2out
            pkts = self.create_stream_frag(
                self.pg0, self.pg1.remote_ip4, self.port_in, 20, data, proto
            )
            pkts.reverse()
            self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
            self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
            self.pg_start()
            frags = self.pg1.get_capture(len(pkts))
            if not dont_translate:
                p = self.reass_frags_and_verify(
                    frags, self.nat_addr, self.pg1.remote_ip4
                )
            else:
                p = self.reass_frags_and_verify(
                    frags, self.pg0.remote_ip4, self.pg1.remote_ip4
                )
            if proto != IP_PROTOS.icmp:
                if not dont_translate:
                    self.assertEqual(p[layer].dport, 20)
                    if not ignore_port:
                        self.assertNotEqual(p[layer].sport, self.port_in)
                else:
                    self.assertEqual(p[layer].sport, self.port_in)
            else:
                if not ignore_port:
                    if not dont_translate:
                        self.assertNotEqual(p[layer].id, self.port_in)
                    else:
                        self.assertEqual(p[layer].id, self.port_in)
            self.assertEqual(data, p[Raw].load)

            # out2in
            if not dont_translate:
                dst_addr = self.nat_addr
            else:
                dst_addr = self.pg0.remote_ip4
            if proto != IP_PROTOS.icmp:
                sport = 20
                dport = p[layer].sport
            else:
                sport = p[layer].id
                dport = 0
            pkts = self.create_stream_frag(
                self.pg1, dst_addr, sport, dport, data, proto, echo_reply=True
            )
            pkts.reverse()
            self.pg1.add_stream(pkts)
            self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
            self.logger.info(self.vapi.cli("show trace"))
            self.pg_start()
            frags = self.pg0.get_capture(len(pkts))
            p = self.reass_frags_and_verify(
                frags, self.pg1.remote_ip4, self.pg0.remote_ip4
            )
            if proto != IP_PROTOS.icmp:
                self.assertEqual(p[layer].sport, 20)
                self.assertEqual(p[layer].dport, self.port_in)
            else:
                self.assertEqual(p[layer].id, self.port_in)
            self.assertEqual(data, p[Raw].load)

    def reass_frags_and_verify(self, frags, src, dst):
        buffer = BytesIO()
        for p in frags:
            self.assertEqual(p[IP].src, src)
            self.assertEqual(p[IP].dst, dst)
            self.assert_ip_checksum_valid(p)
            buffer.seek(p[IP].frag * 8)
            buffer.write(bytes(p[IP].payload))
        ip = IP(src=frags[0][IP].src, dst=frags[0][IP].dst, proto=frags[0][IP].proto)
        if ip.proto == IP_PROTOS.tcp:
            p = ip / TCP(buffer.getvalue())
            self.logger.debug(ppp("Reassembled:", p))
            self.assert_tcp_checksum_valid(p)
        elif ip.proto == IP_PROTOS.udp:
            p = ip / UDP(buffer.getvalue()[:8]) / Raw(buffer.getvalue()[8:])
        elif ip.proto == IP_PROTOS.icmp:
            p = ip / ICMP(buffer.getvalue())
        return p

    def frag_in_order(
        self, proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp, dont_translate=False, ignore_port=False
    ):
        layer = self.proto2layer(proto)

        if proto == IP_PROTOS.tcp:
            data = b"A" * 4 + b"B" * 16 + b"C" * 3
        else:
            data = b"A" * 16 + b"B" * 16 + b"C" * 3
        self.port_in = self.random_port()

        # in2out
        pkts = self.create_stream_frag(
            self.pg0, self.pg1.remote_ip4, self.port_in, 20, data, proto
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        frags = self.pg1.get_capture(len(pkts))
        if not dont_translate:
            p = self.reass_frags_and_verify(frags, self.nat_addr, self.pg1.remote_ip4)
        else:
            p = self.reass_frags_and_verify(
                frags, self.pg0.remote_ip4, self.pg1.remote_ip4
            )
        if proto != IP_PROTOS.icmp:
            if not dont_translate:
                self.assertEqual(p[layer].dport, 20)
                if not ignore_port:
                    self.assertNotEqual(p[layer].sport, self.port_in)
            else:
                self.assertEqual(p[layer].sport, self.port_in)
        else:
            if not ignore_port:
                if not dont_translate:
                    self.assertNotEqual(p[layer].id, self.port_in)
                else:
                    self.assertEqual(p[layer].id, self.port_in)
        self.assertEqual(data, p[Raw].load)

        # out2in
        if not dont_translate:
            dst_addr = self.nat_addr
        else:
            dst_addr = self.pg0.remote_ip4
        if proto != IP_PROTOS.icmp:
            sport = 20
            dport = p[layer].sport
        else:
            sport = p[layer].id
            dport = 0
        pkts = self.create_stream_frag(
            self.pg1, dst_addr, sport, dport, data, proto, echo_reply=True
        )
        self.pg1.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        frags = self.pg0.get_capture(len(pkts))
        p = self.reass_frags_and_verify(frags, self.pg1.remote_ip4, self.pg0.remote_ip4)
        if proto != IP_PROTOS.icmp:
            self.assertEqual(p[layer].sport, 20)
            self.assertEqual(p[layer].dport, self.port_in)
        else:
            self.assertEqual(p[layer].id, self.port_in)
        self.assertEqual(data, p[Raw].load)

    def verify_capture_out(
        self, capture, nat_ip=None, same_port=False, dst_ip=None, ignore_port=False
    ):
        if nat_ip is None:
            nat_ip = self.nat_addr
        for packet in capture:
            try:
                self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(packet)
                self.assertEqual(packet[IP].src, nat_ip)
                if dst_ip is not None:
                    self.assertEqual(packet[IP].dst, dst_ip)
                if packet.haslayer(TCP):
                    if not ignore_port:
                        if same_port:
                            self.assertEqual(packet[TCP].sport, self.tcp_port_in)
                        else:
                            self.assertNotEqual(packet[TCP].sport, self.tcp_port_in)
                    self.tcp_port_out = packet[TCP].sport
                    self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(packet)
                elif packet.haslayer(UDP):
                    if not ignore_port:
                        if same_port:
                            self.assertEqual(packet[UDP].sport, self.udp_port_in)
                        else:
                            self.assertNotEqual(packet[UDP].sport, self.udp_port_in)
                    self.udp_port_out = packet[UDP].sport
                else:
                    if not ignore_port:
                        if same_port:
                            self.assertEqual(packet[ICMP].id, self.icmp_id_in)
                        else:
                            self.assertNotEqual(packet[ICMP].id, self.icmp_id_in)
                    self.icmp_id_out = packet[ICMP].id
                    self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(packet)
            except:
                self.logger.error(
                    ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet (outside network):", packet)
                )
                raise

    def verify_capture_in(self, capture, in_if):
        for packet in capture:
            try:
                self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(packet)
                self.assertEqual(packet[IP].dst, in_if.remote_ip4)
                if packet.haslayer(TCP):
                    self.assertEqual(packet[TCP].dport, self.tcp_port_in)
                elif packet.haslayer(UDP):
                    self.assertEqual(packet[UDP].dport, self.udp_port_in)
                else:
                    self.assertEqual(packet[ICMP].id, self.icmp_id_in)
            except:
                self.logger.error(
                    ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet (inside network):", packet)
                )
                raise

    def create_stream_in(self, in_if, out_if, dst_ip=None, ttl=64):
        if dst_ip is None:
            dst_ip = out_if.remote_ip4

        pkts = []
        # TCP
        p = (
            Ether(dst=in_if.local_mac, src=in_if.remote_mac)
            / IP(src=in_if.remote_ip4, dst=dst_ip, ttl=ttl)
            / TCP(sport=self.tcp_port_in, dport=20)
        )
        pkts.extend([p, p])

        # UDP
        p = (
            Ether(dst=in_if.local_mac, src=in_if.remote_mac)
            / IP(src=in_if.remote_ip4, dst=dst_ip, ttl=ttl)
            / UDP(sport=self.udp_port_in, dport=20)
        )
        pkts.append(p)

        # ICMP
        p = (
            Ether(dst=in_if.local_mac, src=in_if.remote_mac)
            / IP(src=in_if.remote_ip4, dst=dst_ip, ttl=ttl)
            / ICMP(id=self.icmp_id_in, type="echo-request")
        )
        pkts.append(p)

        return pkts

    def create_stream_out(self, out_if, dst_ip=None, ttl=64, use_inside_ports=False):
        if dst_ip is None:
            dst_ip = self.nat_addr
        if not use_inside_ports:
            tcp_port = self.tcp_port_out
            udp_port = self.udp_port_out
            icmp_id = self.icmp_id_out
        else:
            tcp_port = self.tcp_port_in
            udp_port = self.udp_port_in
            icmp_id = self.icmp_id_in
        pkts = []
        # TCP
        p = (
            Ether(dst=out_if.local_mac, src=out_if.remote_mac)
            / IP(src=out_if.remote_ip4, dst=dst_ip, ttl=ttl)
            / TCP(dport=tcp_port, sport=20)
        )
        pkts.extend([p, p])

        # UDP
        p = (
            Ether(dst=out_if.local_mac, src=out_if.remote_mac)
            / IP(src=out_if.remote_ip4, dst=dst_ip, ttl=ttl)
            / UDP(dport=udp_port, sport=20)
        )
        pkts.append(p)

        # ICMP
        p = (
            Ether(dst=out_if.local_mac, src=out_if.remote_mac)
            / IP(src=out_if.remote_ip4, dst=dst_ip, ttl=ttl)
            / ICMP(id=icmp_id, type="echo-reply")
        )
        pkts.append(p)

        return pkts

    def create_tcp_stream(self, in_if, out_if, count):
        pkts = []
        port = 6303

        for i in range(count):
            p = (
                Ether(dst=in_if.local_mac, src=in_if.remote_mac)
                / IP(src=in_if.remote_ip4, dst=out_if.remote_ip4, ttl=64)
                / TCP(sport=port + i, dport=20)
            )
            pkts.append(p)

        return pkts

    def create_udp_stream(self, in_if, out_if, count, base_port=6303):
        return [
            (
                Ether(dst=in_if.local_mac, src=in_if.remote_mac)
                / IP(src=in_if.remote_ip4, dst=out_if.remote_ip4, ttl=64)
                / UDP(sport=base_port + i, dport=20)
            )
            for i in range(count)
        ]

    def create_stream_frag(
        self, src_if, dst, sport, dport, data, proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp, echo_reply=False
    ):
        if proto == IP_PROTOS.tcp:
            p = (
                IP(src=src_if.remote_ip4, dst=dst)
                / TCP(sport=sport, dport=dport)
                / Raw(data)
            )
            p = p.__class__(scapy.compat.raw(p))
            chksum = p[TCP].chksum
            proto_header = TCP(sport=sport, dport=dport, chksum=chksum)
        elif proto == IP_PROTOS.udp:
            proto_header = UDP(sport=sport, dport=dport)
        elif proto == IP_PROTOS.icmp:
            if not echo_reply:
                proto_header = ICMP(id=sport, type="echo-request")
            else:
                proto_header = ICMP(id=sport, type="echo-reply")
        else:
            raise Exception("Unsupported protocol")
        id = self.random_port()
        pkts = []
        if proto == IP_PROTOS.tcp:
            raw = Raw(data[0:4])
        else:
            raw = Raw(data[0:16])
        p = (
            Ether(src=src_if.remote_mac, dst=src_if.local_mac)
            / IP(src=src_if.remote_ip4, dst=dst, flags="MF", frag=0, id=id)
            / proto_header
            / raw
        )
        pkts.append(p)
        if proto == IP_PROTOS.tcp:
            raw = Raw(data[4:20])
        else:
            raw = Raw(data[16:32])
        p = (
            Ether(src=src_if.remote_mac, dst=src_if.local_mac)
            / IP(src=src_if.remote_ip4, dst=dst, flags="MF", frag=3, id=id, proto=proto)
            / raw
        )
        pkts.append(p)
        if proto == IP_PROTOS.tcp:
            raw = Raw(data[20:])
        else:
            raw = Raw(data[32:])
        p = (
            Ether(src=src_if.remote_mac, dst=src_if.local_mac)
            / IP(src=src_if.remote_ip4, dst=dst, frag=5, proto=proto, id=id)
            / raw
        )
        pkts.append(p)
        return pkts

    def frag_in_order_in_plus_out(
        self, in_addr, out_addr, in_port, out_port, proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp
    ):
        layer = self.proto2layer(proto)

        if proto == IP_PROTOS.tcp:
            data = b"A" * 4 + b"B" * 16 + b"C" * 3
        else:
            data = b"A" * 16 + b"B" * 16 + b"C" * 3
        port_in = self.random_port()

        for i in range(2):
            # out2in
            pkts = self.create_stream_frag(
                self.pg0, out_addr, port_in, out_port, data, proto
            )
            self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
            self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
            self.pg_start()
            frags = self.pg1.get_capture(len(pkts))
            p = self.reass_frags_and_verify(frags, self.pg0.remote_ip4, in_addr)
            if proto != IP_PROTOS.icmp:
                self.assertEqual(p[layer].sport, port_in)
                self.assertEqual(p[layer].dport, in_port)
            else:
                self.assertEqual(p[layer].id, port_in)
            self.assertEqual(data, p[Raw].load)

            # in2out
            if proto != IP_PROTOS.icmp:
                pkts = self.create_stream_frag(
                    self.pg1, self.pg0.remote_ip4, in_port, p[layer].sport, data, proto
                )
            else:
                pkts = self.create_stream_frag(
                    self.pg1,
                    self.pg0.remote_ip4,
                    p[layer].id,
                    0,
                    data,
                    proto,
                    echo_reply=True,
                )
            self.pg1.add_stream(pkts)
            self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
            self.pg_start()
            frags = self.pg0.get_capture(len(pkts))
            p = self.reass_frags_and_verify(frags, out_addr, self.pg0.remote_ip4)
            if proto != IP_PROTOS.icmp:
                self.assertEqual(p[layer].sport, out_port)
                self.assertEqual(p[layer].dport, port_in)
            else:
                self.assertEqual(p[layer].id, port_in)
            self.assertEqual(data, p[Raw].load)

    def frag_out_of_order_in_plus_out(
        self, in_addr, out_addr, in_port, out_port, proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp
    ):
        layer = self.proto2layer(proto)

        if proto == IP_PROTOS.tcp:
            data = b"A" * 4 + b"B" * 16 + b"C" * 3
        else:
            data = b"A" * 16 + b"B" * 16 + b"C" * 3
        port_in = self.random_port()

        for i in range(2):
            # out2in
            pkts = self.create_stream_frag(
                self.pg0, out_addr, port_in, out_port, data, proto
            )
            pkts.reverse()
            self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
            self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
            self.pg_start()
            frags = self.pg1.get_capture(len(pkts))
            p = self.reass_frags_and_verify(frags, self.pg0.remote_ip4, in_addr)
            if proto != IP_PROTOS.icmp:
                self.assertEqual(p[layer].dport, in_port)
                self.assertEqual(p[layer].sport, port_in)
                self.assertEqual(p[layer].dport, in_port)
            else:
                self.assertEqual(p[layer].id, port_in)
            self.assertEqual(data, p[Raw].load)

            # in2out
            if proto != IP_PROTOS.icmp:
                pkts = self.create_stream_frag(
                    self.pg1, self.pg0.remote_ip4, in_port, p[layer].sport, data, proto
                )
            else:
                pkts = self.create_stream_frag(
                    self.pg1,
                    self.pg0.remote_ip4,
                    p[layer].id,
                    0,
                    data,
                    proto,
                    echo_reply=True,
                )
            pkts.reverse()
            self.pg1.add_stream(pkts)
            self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
            self.pg_start()
            frags = self.pg0.get_capture(len(pkts))
            p = self.reass_frags_and_verify(frags, out_addr, self.pg0.remote_ip4)
            if proto != IP_PROTOS.icmp:
                self.assertEqual(p[layer].sport, out_port)
                self.assertEqual(p[layer].dport, port_in)
            else:
                self.assertEqual(p[layer].id, port_in)
            self.assertEqual(data, p[Raw].load)

    def init_tcp_session(self, in_if, out_if, in_port, ext_port):
        # SYN packet in->out
        p = (
            Ether(src=in_if.remote_mac, dst=in_if.local_mac)
            / IP(src=in_if.remote_ip4, dst=out_if.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="S")
        )
        in_if.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = out_if.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        out_port = p[TCP].sport

        # SYN + ACK packet out->in
        p = (
            Ether(src=out_if.remote_mac, dst=out_if.local_mac)
            / IP(src=out_if.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="SA")
        )
        out_if.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        in_if.get_capture(1)

        # ACK packet in->out
        p = (
            Ether(src=in_if.remote_mac, dst=in_if.local_mac)
            / IP(src=in_if.remote_ip4, dst=out_if.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="A")
        )
        in_if.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        out_if.get_capture(1)

        return out_port

    def twice_nat_common(
        self, self_twice_nat=False, same_pg=False, lb=False, client_id=None
    ):
        twice_nat_addr = "10.0.1.3"

        port_in = 8080
        if lb:
            if not same_pg:
                port_in1 = port_in
                port_in2 = port_in
            else:
                port_in1 = port_in + 1
                port_in2 = port_in + 2

        port_out = 80
        eh_port_out = 4567

        server1 = self.pg0.remote_hosts[0]
        server2 = self.pg0.remote_hosts[1]
        if lb and same_pg:
            server2 = server1
        if not lb:
            server = server1

        pg0 = self.pg0
        if same_pg:
            pg1 = self.pg0
        else:
            pg1 = self.pg1

        eh_translate = (not self_twice_nat) or (not lb and same_pg) or client_id == 1

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_address(twice_nat_addr, twice_nat=1)

        flags = 0
        if self_twice_nat:
            flags |= self.config_flags.NAT_IS_SELF_TWICE_NAT
        else:
            flags |= self.config_flags.NAT_IS_TWICE_NAT

        if not lb:
            self.nat_add_static_mapping(
                pg0.remote_ip4,
                self.nat_addr,
                port_in,
                port_out,
                proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
                flags=flags,
            )
        else:
            locals = [
                {"addr": server1.ip4, "port": port_in1, "probability": 50, "vrf_id": 0},
                {"addr": server2.ip4, "port": port_in2, "probability": 50, "vrf_id": 0},
            ]
            out_addr = self.nat_addr

            self.vapi.nat44_add_del_lb_static_mapping(
                is_add=1,
                flags=flags,
                external_addr=out_addr,
                external_port=port_out,
                protocol=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
                local_num=len(locals),
                locals=locals,
            )
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(pg1)

        if same_pg:
            if not lb:
                client = server
            else:
                assert client_id is not None
                if client_id == 1:
                    client = self.pg0.remote_hosts[0]
                elif client_id == 2:
                    client = self.pg0.remote_hosts[1]
        else:
            client = pg1.remote_hosts[0]
        p = (
            Ether(src=pg1.remote_mac, dst=pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=client.ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=eh_port_out, dport=port_out)
        )
        pg1.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = pg0.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            if lb:
                if ip.dst == server1.ip4:
                    server = server1
                    port_in = port_in1
                else:
                    server = server2
                    port_in = port_in2
            self.assertEqual(ip.dst, server.ip4)
            if lb and same_pg:
                self.assertIn(tcp.dport, [port_in1, port_in2])
            else:
                self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, port_in)
            if eh_translate:
                self.assertEqual(ip.src, twice_nat_addr)
                self.assertNotEqual(tcp.sport, eh_port_out)
            else:
                self.assertEqual(ip.src, client.ip4)
                self.assertEqual(tcp.sport, eh_port_out)
            eh_addr_in = ip.src
            eh_port_in = tcp.sport
            saved_port_in = tcp.dport
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        p = (
            Ether(src=server.mac, dst=pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=server.ip4, dst=eh_addr_in)
            / TCP(sport=saved_port_in, dport=eh_port_in)
        )
        pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = pg1.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.dst, client.ip4)
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, self.nat_addr)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, eh_port_out)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.sport, port_out)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        if eh_translate:
            sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(server.ip4, 0)
            self.assertEqual(len(sessions), 1)
            self.assertTrue(sessions[0].flags & self.config_flags.NAT_IS_EXT_HOST_VALID)
            self.assertTrue(sessions[0].flags & self.config_flags.NAT_IS_TWICE_NAT)
            self.logger.info(self.vapi.cli("show nat44 sessions"))
            self.vapi.nat44_del_session(
                address=sessions[0].inside_ip_address,
                port=sessions[0].inside_port,
                protocol=sessions[0].protocol,
                flags=(
                    self.config_flags.NAT_IS_INSIDE
                    | self.config_flags.NAT_IS_EXT_HOST_VALID
                ),
                ext_host_address=sessions[0].ext_host_nat_address,
                ext_host_port=sessions[0].ext_host_nat_port,
            )
            sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(server.ip4, 0)
            self.assertEqual(len(sessions), 0)

    def verify_syslog_sess(self, data, msgid, is_ip6=False):
        message = data.decode("utf-8")
        try:
            message = SyslogMessage.parse(message)
        except ParseError as e:
            self.logger.error(e)
            raise
        else:
            self.assertEqual(message.severity, SyslogSeverity.info)
            self.assertEqual(message.appname, "NAT")
            self.assertEqual(message.msgid, msgid)
            sd_params = message.sd.get("nsess")
            self.assertTrue(sd_params is not None)
            if is_ip6:
                self.assertEqual(sd_params.get("IATYP"), "IPv6")
                self.assertEqual(sd_params.get("ISADDR"), self.pg0.remote_ip6)
            else:
                self.assertEqual(sd_params.get("IATYP"), "IPv4")
                self.assertEqual(sd_params.get("ISADDR"), self.pg0.remote_ip4)
                self.assertTrue(sd_params.get("SSUBIX") is not None)
            self.assertEqual(sd_params.get("ISPORT"), "%d" % self.tcp_port_in)
            self.assertEqual(sd_params.get("XATYP"), "IPv4")
            self.assertEqual(sd_params.get("XSADDR"), self.nat_addr)
            self.assertEqual(sd_params.get("XSPORT"), "%d" % self.tcp_port_out)
            self.assertEqual(sd_params.get("PROTO"), "%d" % IP_PROTOS.tcp)
            self.assertEqual(sd_params.get("SVLAN"), "0")
            self.assertEqual(sd_params.get("XDADDR"), self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(sd_params.get("XDPORT"), "%d" % self.tcp_external_port)

    def test_icmp_error(self):
        """NAT44ED test ICMP error message with inner header"""

        payload = "H" * 10

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        # in2out (initiate connection)
        p1 = [
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / UDP(sport=21, dport=20)
            / payload,
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=21, dport=20, flags="S")
            / payload,
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / ICMP(type="echo-request", id=7777)
            / payload,
        ]

        capture = self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p1, self.pg1)

        # out2in (send error message)
        p2 = [
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / ICMP(type="dest-unreach", code="port-unreachable")
            / c[IP:]
            for c in capture
        ]

        capture = self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p2, self.pg0)

        for c in capture:
            try:
                assert c[IP].dst == self.pg0.remote_ip4
                assert c[IPerror].src == self.pg0.remote_ip4
            except AssertionError as a:
                raise AssertionError(f"Packet {pr(c)} not translated properly") from a

    def test_icmp_echo_reply_trailer(self):
        """ICMP echo reply with ethernet trailer"""

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        # in2out
        p1 = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / ICMP(type=8, id=0xABCD, seq=0)
        )

        self.pg0.add_stream(p1)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        c = self.pg1.get_capture(1)[0]

        self.logger.debug(self.vapi.cli("show trace"))

        # out2in
        p2 = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr, id=0xEE59)
            / ICMP(type=0, id=c[ICMP].id, seq=0)
        )

        # force checksum calculation
        p2 = p2.__class__(bytes(p2))

        self.logger.debug(ppp("Packet before modification:", p2))

        # hex representation of vss monitoring ethernet trailer
        # this seems to be just added to end of packet without modifying
        # IP or ICMP lengths / checksums
        p2 = p2 / Raw("\x00\x00\x52\x54\x00\x46\xab\x04\x84\x18")
        # change it so that IP/ICMP is unaffected
        p2[IP].len = 28

        self.logger.debug(ppp("Packet with added trailer:", p2))

        self.pg1.add_stream(p2)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()

        self.pg0.get_capture(1)

    def test_users_dump(self):
        """NAT44ED API test - nat44_user_dump"""

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        self.vapi.nat44_forwarding_enable_disable(enable=1)

        local_ip = self.pg0.remote_ip4
        external_ip = self.nat_addr
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(local_ip, external_ip)

        users = self.vapi.nat44_user_dump()
        self.assertEqual(len(users), 0)

        # in2out - static mapping match

        pkts = self.create_stream_out(self.pg1)
        self.pg1.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(len(pkts))
        self.verify_capture_in(capture, self.pg0)

        pkts = self.create_stream_in(self.pg0, self.pg1)
        self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg1.get_capture(len(pkts))
        self.verify_capture_out(capture, same_port=True)

        users = self.vapi.nat44_user_dump()
        self.assertEqual(len(users), 1)
        static_user = users[0]
        self.assertEqual(static_user.nstaticsessions, 3)
        self.assertEqual(static_user.nsessions, 0)

        # in2out - no static mapping match (forwarding test)

        host0 = self.pg0.remote_hosts[0]
        self.pg0.remote_hosts[0] = self.pg0.remote_hosts[1]
        try:
            pkts = self.create_stream_out(
                self.pg1, dst_ip=self.pg0.remote_ip4, use_inside_ports=True
            )
            self.pg1.add_stream(pkts)
            self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
            self.pg_start()
            capture = self.pg0.get_capture(len(pkts))
            self.verify_capture_in(capture, self.pg0)

            pkts = self.create_stream_in(self.pg0, self.pg1)
            self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
            self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
            self.pg_start()
            capture = self.pg1.get_capture(len(pkts))
            self.verify_capture_out(capture, nat_ip=self.pg0.remote_ip4, same_port=True)
        finally:
            self.pg0.remote_hosts[0] = host0

        users = self.vapi.nat44_user_dump()
        self.assertEqual(len(users), 2)
        if str(users[0].ip_address) == self.pg0.remote_hosts[0].ip4:
            non_static_user = users[1]
            static_user = users[0]
        else:
            non_static_user = users[0]
            static_user = users[1]
        self.assertEqual(static_user.nstaticsessions, 3)
        self.assertEqual(static_user.nsessions, 0)
        self.assertEqual(non_static_user.nstaticsessions, 0)
        self.assertEqual(non_static_user.nsessions, 3)

        users = self.vapi.nat44_user_dump()
        self.assertEqual(len(users), 2)
        if str(users[0].ip_address) == self.pg0.remote_hosts[0].ip4:
            non_static_user = users[1]
            static_user = users[0]
        else:
            non_static_user = users[0]
            static_user = users[1]
        self.assertEqual(static_user.nstaticsessions, 3)
        self.assertEqual(static_user.nsessions, 0)
        self.assertEqual(non_static_user.nstaticsessions, 0)
        self.assertEqual(non_static_user.nsessions, 3)

    def test_frag_out_of_order_do_not_translate(self):
        """NAT44ED don't translate fragments arriving out of order"""
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)
        self.vapi.nat44_forwarding_enable_disable(enable=True)
        self.frag_out_of_order(proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp, dont_translate=True)

    def test_forwarding(self):
        """NAT44ED forwarding test"""

        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)
        self.vapi.nat44_forwarding_enable_disable(enable=1)

        real_ip = self.pg0.remote_ip4
        alias_ip = self.nat_addr
        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_ADDR_ONLY
        self.vapi.nat44_add_del_static_mapping(
            is_add=1,
            local_ip_address=real_ip,
            external_ip_address=alias_ip,
            external_sw_if_index=0xFFFFFFFF,
            flags=flags,
        )

        try:
            # in2out - static mapping match

            pkts = self.create_stream_out(self.pg1)
            self.pg1.add_stream(pkts)
            self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
            self.pg_start()
            capture = self.pg0.get_capture(len(pkts))
            self.verify_capture_in(capture, self.pg0)

            pkts = self.create_stream_in(self.pg0, self.pg1)
            self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
            self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
            self.pg_start()
            capture = self.pg1.get_capture(len(pkts))
            self.verify_capture_out(capture, same_port=True)

            # in2out - no static mapping match

            host0 = self.pg0.remote_hosts[0]
            self.pg0.remote_hosts[0] = self.pg0.remote_hosts[1]
            try:
                pkts = self.create_stream_out(
                    self.pg1, dst_ip=self.pg0.remote_ip4, use_inside_ports=True
                )
                self.pg1.add_stream(pkts)
                self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
                self.pg_start()
                capture = self.pg0.get_capture(len(pkts))
                self.verify_capture_in(capture, self.pg0)

                pkts = self.create_stream_in(self.pg0, self.pg1)
                self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
                self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
                self.pg_start()
                capture = self.pg1.get_capture(len(pkts))
                self.verify_capture_out(
                    capture, nat_ip=self.pg0.remote_ip4, same_port=True
                )
            finally:
                self.pg0.remote_hosts[0] = host0

            user = self.pg0.remote_hosts[1]
            sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(user.ip4, 0)
            self.assertEqual(len(sessions), 3)
            self.assertTrue(sessions[0].flags & self.config_flags.NAT_IS_EXT_HOST_VALID)
            self.vapi.nat44_del_session(
                address=sessions[0].inside_ip_address,
                port=sessions[0].inside_port,
                protocol=sessions[0].protocol,
                flags=(
                    self.config_flags.NAT_IS_INSIDE
                    | self.config_flags.NAT_IS_EXT_HOST_VALID
                ),
                ext_host_address=sessions[0].ext_host_address,
                ext_host_port=sessions[0].ext_host_port,
            )
            sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(user.ip4, 0)
            self.assertEqual(len(sessions), 2)

        finally:
            self.vapi.nat44_forwarding_enable_disable(enable=0)
            flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_ADDR_ONLY
            self.vapi.nat44_add_del_static_mapping(
                is_add=0,
                local_ip_address=real_ip,
                external_ip_address=alias_ip,
                external_sw_if_index=0xFFFFFFFF,
                flags=flags,
            )

    def test_output_feature_and_service2(self):
        """NAT44ED interface output feature and service host direct access"""
        self.vapi.nat44_forwarding_enable_disable(enable=1)
        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)

        self.vapi.nat44_ed_add_del_output_interface(
            sw_if_index=self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )

        # session initiated from service host - translate
        pkts = self.create_stream_in(self.pg0, self.pg1)
        self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg1.get_capture(len(pkts))
        self.verify_capture_out(capture, ignore_port=True)

        pkts = self.create_stream_out(self.pg1)
        self.pg1.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(len(pkts))
        self.verify_capture_in(capture, self.pg0)

        # session initiated from remote host - do not translate
        tcp_port_in = self.tcp_port_in
        udp_port_in = self.udp_port_in
        icmp_id_in = self.icmp_id_in

        self.tcp_port_in = 60303
        self.udp_port_in = 60304
        self.icmp_id_in = 60305

        try:
            pkts = self.create_stream_out(
                self.pg1, self.pg0.remote_ip4, use_inside_ports=True
            )
            self.pg1.add_stream(pkts)
            self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
            self.pg_start()
            capture = self.pg0.get_capture(len(pkts))
            self.verify_capture_in(capture, self.pg0)

            pkts = self.create_stream_in(self.pg0, self.pg1)
            self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
            self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
            self.pg_start()
            capture = self.pg1.get_capture(len(pkts))
            self.verify_capture_out(capture, nat_ip=self.pg0.remote_ip4, same_port=True)
        finally:
            self.tcp_port_in = tcp_port_in
            self.udp_port_in = udp_port_in
            self.icmp_id_in = icmp_id_in

    def test_twice_nat(self):
        """NAT44ED Twice NAT"""
        self.twice_nat_common()

    def test_self_twice_nat_positive(self):
        """NAT44ED Self Twice NAT (positive test)"""
        self.twice_nat_common(self_twice_nat=True, same_pg=True)

    def test_self_twice_nat_lb_positive(self):
        """NAT44ED Self Twice NAT local service load balancing (positive test)"""
        self.twice_nat_common(lb=True, self_twice_nat=True, same_pg=True, client_id=1)

    def test_twice_nat_lb(self):
        """NAT44ED Twice NAT local service load balancing"""
        self.twice_nat_common(lb=True)

    def test_output_feature(self):
        """NAT44ED interface output feature (in2out postrouting)"""
        self.vapi.nat44_forwarding_enable_disable(enable=1)
        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)

        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.vapi.nat44_ed_add_del_output_interface(
            sw_if_index=self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )

        # in2out
        pkts = self.create_stream_in(self.pg0, self.pg1)
        self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg1.get_capture(len(pkts))
        self.verify_capture_out(capture, ignore_port=True)
        self.logger.debug(self.vapi.cli("show trace"))

        # out2in
        pkts = self.create_stream_out(self.pg1)
        self.pg1.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(len(pkts))
        self.verify_capture_in(capture, self.pg0)
        self.logger.debug(self.vapi.cli("show trace"))

        # in2out
        pkts = self.create_stream_in(self.pg0, self.pg1, ttl=2)
        self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg1.get_capture(len(pkts))
        self.verify_capture_out(capture, ignore_port=True)
        self.logger.debug(self.vapi.cli("show trace"))

        # out2in
        pkts = self.create_stream_out(self.pg1, ttl=2)
        self.pg1.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(len(pkts))
        self.verify_capture_in(capture, self.pg0)
        self.logger.debug(self.vapi.cli("show trace"))

        # in2out
        pkts = self.create_stream_in(self.pg0, self.pg1, ttl=1)
        capture = self.send_and_expect_some(self.pg0, pkts, self.pg0)
        for p in capture:
            self.assertIn(ICMP, p)
            self.assertEqual(p[ICMP].type, 11)  # 11 == time-exceeded

    def test_static_with_port_out2(self):
        """NAT44ED 1:1 NAPT asymmetrical rule"""

        external_port = 80
        local_port = 8080

        self.vapi.nat44_forwarding_enable_disable(enable=1)
        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_OUT2IN_ONLY
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.pg0.remote_ip4,
            self.nat_addr,
            local_port,
            external_port,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            flags=flags,
        )

        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        # from client to service
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=12345, dport=external_port)
        )
        self.pg1.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.dst, self.pg0.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, local_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        # ICMP error
        p = (
            Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac, src=self.pg0.remote_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / ICMP(type=11)
            / capture[0][IP]
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg1.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            self.assertEqual(p[IP].src, self.nat_addr)
            inner = p[IPerror]
            self.assertEqual(inner.dst, self.nat_addr)
            self.assertEqual(inner[TCPerror].dport, external_port)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        # from service back to client
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=local_port, dport=12345)
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg1.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, self.nat_addr)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.sport, external_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        # ICMP error
        p = (
            Ether(dst=self.pg1.local_mac, src=self.pg1.remote_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / ICMP(type=11)
            / capture[0][IP]
        )
        self.pg1.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            self.assertEqual(p[IP].dst, self.pg0.remote_ip4)
            inner = p[IPerror]
            self.assertEqual(inner.src, self.pg0.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(inner[TCPerror].sport, local_port)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        # from client to server (no translation)
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg0.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=12346, dport=local_port)
        )
        self.pg1.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.dst, self.pg0.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, local_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        # from service back to client (no translation)
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=local_port, dport=12346)
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg1.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, self.pg0.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.sport, local_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

    def test_static_lb(self):
        """NAT44ED local service load balancing"""
        external_addr_n = self.nat_addr
        external_port = 80
        local_port = 8080
        server1 = self.pg0.remote_hosts[0]
        server2 = self.pg0.remote_hosts[1]

        locals = [
            {"addr": server1.ip4, "port": local_port, "probability": 70, "vrf_id": 0},
            {"addr": server2.ip4, "port": local_port, "probability": 30, "vrf_id": 0},
        ]

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.vapi.nat44_add_del_lb_static_mapping(
            is_add=1,
            external_addr=external_addr_n,
            external_port=external_port,
            protocol=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            local_num=len(locals),
            locals=locals,
        )
        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_INSIDE
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg0.sw_if_index, flags=flags, is_add=1
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )

        # from client to service
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=12345, dport=external_port)
        )
        self.pg1.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        server = None
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertIn(ip.dst, [server1.ip4, server2.ip4])
            if ip.dst == server1.ip4:
                server = server1
            else:
                server = server2
            self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, local_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        # from service back to client
        p = (
            Ether(src=server.mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=server.ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=local_port, dport=12345)
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg1.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, self.nat_addr)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.sport, external_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(server.ip4, 0)
        self.assertEqual(len(sessions), 1)
        self.assertTrue(sessions[0].flags & self.config_flags.NAT_IS_EXT_HOST_VALID)
        self.vapi.nat44_del_session(
            address=sessions[0].inside_ip_address,
            port=sessions[0].inside_port,
            protocol=sessions[0].protocol,
            flags=(
                self.config_flags.NAT_IS_INSIDE
                | self.config_flags.NAT_IS_EXT_HOST_VALID
            ),
            ext_host_address=sessions[0].ext_host_address,
            ext_host_port=sessions[0].ext_host_port,
        )
        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(server.ip4, 0)
        self.assertEqual(len(sessions), 0)

    def test_static_lb_2(self):
        """NAT44ED local service load balancing (asymmetrical rule)"""
        external_addr = self.nat_addr
        external_port = 80
        local_port = 8080
        server1 = self.pg0.remote_hosts[0]
        server2 = self.pg0.remote_hosts[1]

        locals = [
            {"addr": server1.ip4, "port": local_port, "probability": 70, "vrf_id": 0},
            {"addr": server2.ip4, "port": local_port, "probability": 30, "vrf_id": 0},
        ]

        self.vapi.nat44_forwarding_enable_disable(enable=1)
        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_OUT2IN_ONLY
        self.vapi.nat44_add_del_lb_static_mapping(
            is_add=1,
            flags=flags,
            external_addr=external_addr,
            external_port=external_port,
            protocol=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            local_num=len(locals),
            locals=locals,
        )
        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_INSIDE
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg0.sw_if_index, flags=flags, is_add=1
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )

        # from client to service
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=12345, dport=external_port)
        )
        self.pg1.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        server = None
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertIn(ip.dst, [server1.ip4, server2.ip4])
            if ip.dst == server1.ip4:
                server = server1
            else:
                server = server2
            self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, local_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        # from service back to client
        p = (
            Ether(src=server.mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=server.ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=local_port, dport=12345)
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg1.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, self.nat_addr)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.sport, external_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        # from client to server (no translation)
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=server1.ip4)
            / TCP(sport=12346, dport=local_port)
        )
        self.pg1.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        server = None
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.dst, server1.ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, local_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        # from service back to client (no translation)
        p = (
            Ether(src=server1.mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=server1.ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=local_port, dport=12346)
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg1.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, server1.ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.sport, local_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

    def test_lb_affinity(self):
        """NAT44ED local service load balancing affinity"""
        external_addr = self.nat_addr
        external_port = 80
        local_port = 8080
        server1 = self.pg0.remote_hosts[0]
        server2 = self.pg0.remote_hosts[1]

        locals = [
            {"addr": server1.ip4, "port": local_port, "probability": 50, "vrf_id": 0},
            {"addr": server2.ip4, "port": local_port, "probability": 50, "vrf_id": 0},
        ]

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.vapi.nat44_add_del_lb_static_mapping(
            is_add=1,
            external_addr=external_addr,
            external_port=external_port,
            protocol=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            affinity=10800,
            local_num=len(locals),
            locals=locals,
        )
        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_INSIDE
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg0.sw_if_index, flags=flags, is_add=1
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )

        p = (
            Ether(dst=self.pg1.local_mac, src=self.pg1.remote_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=1025, dport=external_port)
        )
        self.pg1.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(1)
        backend = capture[0][IP].dst

        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(backend, 0)
        self.assertEqual(len(sessions), 1)
        self.assertTrue(sessions[0].flags & self.config_flags.NAT_IS_EXT_HOST_VALID)
        self.vapi.nat44_del_session(
            address=sessions[0].inside_ip_address,
            port=sessions[0].inside_port,
            protocol=sessions[0].protocol,
            flags=(
                self.config_flags.NAT_IS_INSIDE
                | self.config_flags.NAT_IS_EXT_HOST_VALID
            ),
            ext_host_address=sessions[0].ext_host_address,
            ext_host_port=sessions[0].ext_host_port,
        )

        pkts = []
        for port in range(1030, 1100):
            p = (
                Ether(dst=self.pg1.local_mac, src=self.pg1.remote_mac)
                / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
                / TCP(sport=port, dport=external_port)
            )
            pkts.append(p)
        self.pg1.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(len(pkts))
        for p in capture:
            self.assertEqual(p[IP].dst, backend)

    def test_multiple_vrf_1(self):
        """Multiple VRF - both client & service in VRF1"""

        external_addr = "1.2.3.4"
        external_port = 80
        local_port = 8080
        port = 0

        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_INSIDE
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg5.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg5.sw_if_index, is_add=1, flags=flags
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg6.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )
        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_OUT2IN_ONLY
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.pg5.remote_ip4,
            external_addr,
            local_port,
            external_port,
            vrf_id=1,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            flags=flags,
        )

        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg6.remote_mac, dst=self.pg6.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg6.remote_ip4, dst=external_addr)
            / TCP(sport=12345, dport=external_port)
        )
        self.pg6.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg5.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.dst, self.pg5.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, local_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg5.remote_mac, dst=self.pg5.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg5.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg6.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=local_port, dport=12345)
        )
        self.pg5.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg6.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, external_addr)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.sport, external_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

    def test_multiple_vrf_2(self):
        """Multiple VRF - dynamic NAT from VRF1 to VRF0 (output-feature)"""

        external_addr = "1.2.3.4"
        external_port = 80
        local_port = 8080
        port = 0

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_INSIDE
        self.vapi.nat44_ed_add_del_output_interface(
            sw_if_index=self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg5.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg5.sw_if_index, is_add=1, flags=flags
        )
        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_OUT2IN_ONLY
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.pg5.remote_ip4,
            external_addr,
            local_port,
            external_port,
            vrf_id=1,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            flags=flags,
        )

        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg5.remote_mac, dst=self.pg5.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg5.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=2345, dport=22)
        )
        self.pg5.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg1.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, self.nat_addr)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
            port = tcp.sport
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=22, dport=port)
        )
        self.pg1.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg5.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.dst, self.pg5.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, 2345)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

    def test_multiple_vrf_3(self):
        """Multiple VRF - client in VRF1, service in VRF0"""

        external_addr = "1.2.3.4"
        external_port = 80
        local_port = 8080
        port = 0

        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_INSIDE
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg0.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg0.sw_if_index, is_add=1, flags=flags
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg6.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )
        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_OUT2IN_ONLY
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.pg0.remote_ip4,
            external_sw_if_index=self.pg0.sw_if_index,
            local_port=local_port,
            vrf_id=0,
            external_port=external_port,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            flags=flags,
        )

        # from client VRF1 to service VRF0
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg6.remote_mac, dst=self.pg6.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg6.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg0.local_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=12346, dport=external_port)
        )
        self.pg6.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.dst, self.pg0.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, local_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        # from service VRF0 back to client VRF1
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg6.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=local_port, dport=12346)
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg6.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, self.pg0.local_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.sport, external_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

    def test_multiple_vrf_4(self):
        """Multiple VRF - client in VRF0, service in VRF1"""

        external_addr = "1.2.3.4"
        external_port = 80
        local_port = 8080
        port = 0

        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_INSIDE
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg0.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg0.sw_if_index, is_add=1, flags=flags
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg5.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg5.sw_if_index, is_add=1, flags=flags
        )
        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_OUT2IN_ONLY
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.pg5.remote_ip4,
            external_addr,
            local_port,
            external_port,
            vrf_id=1,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            flags=flags,
        )

        # from client VRF0 to service VRF1
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=external_addr)
            / TCP(sport=12347, dport=external_port)
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg5.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.dst, self.pg5.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, local_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        # from service VRF1 back to client VRF0
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg5.remote_mac, dst=self.pg5.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg5.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg0.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=local_port, dport=12347)
        )
        self.pg5.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, external_addr)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.sport, external_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

    def test_multiple_vrf_5(self):
        """Multiple VRF - forwarding - no translation"""

        external_addr = "1.2.3.4"
        external_port = 80
        local_port = 8080
        port = 0

        self.vapi.nat44_forwarding_enable_disable(enable=1)
        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_INSIDE
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg0.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg0.sw_if_index, is_add=1, flags=flags
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg5.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg5.sw_if_index, is_add=1, flags=flags
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg6.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )
        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_OUT2IN_ONLY
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.pg5.remote_ip4,
            external_addr,
            local_port,
            external_port,
            vrf_id=1,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            flags=flags,
        )
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.pg0.remote_ip4,
            external_sw_if_index=self.pg0.sw_if_index,
            local_port=local_port,
            vrf_id=0,
            external_port=external_port,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            flags=flags,
        )

        # from client to server (both VRF1, no translation)
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg6.remote_mac, dst=self.pg6.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg6.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg5.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=12348, dport=local_port)
        )
        self.pg6.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg5.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.dst, self.pg5.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, local_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        # from server back to client (both VRF1, no translation)
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg5.remote_mac, dst=self.pg5.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg5.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg6.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=local_port, dport=12348)
        )
        self.pg5.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg6.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, self.pg5.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.sport, local_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        # from client VRF1 to server VRF0 (no translation)
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg6.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=local_port, dport=12349)
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg6.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, self.pg0.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.sport, local_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        # from server VRF0 back to client VRF1 (no translation)
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg6.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=local_port, dport=12349)
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg6.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, self.pg0.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.sport, local_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        # from client VRF0 to server VRF1 (no translation)
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg5.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=12344, dport=local_port)
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg5.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.dst, self.pg5.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, local_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        # from server VRF1 back to client VRF0 (no translation)
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg5.remote_mac, dst=self.pg5.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg5.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg0.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=local_port, dport=12344)
        )
        self.pg5.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, self.pg5.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.sport, local_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

    def test_outside_address_distribution(self):
        """NAT44ED outside address distribution based on source address"""

        addresses = 65
        x = 100

        nat_addresses = []
        nat_distribution = {}
        for i in range(1, addresses):
            a = "10.0.0.%d" % i
            nat_addresses.append(a)
            nat_distribution[a] = set()

        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        self.vapi.nat44_add_del_address_range(
            first_ip_address=nat_addresses[0],
            last_ip_address=nat_addresses[-1],
            vrf_id=0xFFFFFFFF,
            is_add=1,
            flags=0,
        )

        self.pg0.generate_remote_hosts(x)

        pkts = []
        for i in range(x):
            info = self.create_packet_info(self.pg0, self.pg1)
            payload = self.info_to_payload(info)
            p = (
                Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac, src=self.pg0.remote_mac)
                / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_hosts[i].ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
                / UDP(sport=7000 + i, dport=8000 + i)
                / Raw(payload)
            )
            info.data = p
            pkts.append(p)

        self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        recvd = self.pg1.get_capture(len(pkts))
        for p_recvd in recvd:
            payload_info = self.payload_to_info(p_recvd[Raw])
            packet_index = payload_info.index
            info = self._packet_infos[packet_index]
            self.assertTrue(info is not None)
            self.assertEqual(packet_index, info.index)
            p_sent = info.data
            self.assertIn(p_recvd[IP].src, nat_distribution)
            nat_distribution[p_recvd[IP].src].add(p_sent[IP].src)

        var = variance(map(len, nat_distribution.values()), x / addresses)
        self.assertLess(var, 0.33, msg="Bad outside address distribution")

    def test_dynamic_edge_ports(self):
        """NAT44ED dynamic translation test: edge ports"""

        worker_count = self.vpp_worker_count or 1
        port_offset = 1024
        port_per_thread = (65536 - port_offset) // worker_count
        port_count = port_per_thread * worker_count

        # worker thread edge ports
        thread_edge_ports = {0, port_offset - 1, 65535}
        for i in range(0, worker_count):
            port_thread_offset = (port_per_thread * i) + port_offset
            for port_range_offset in [0, port_per_thread - 1]:
                port = port_thread_offset + port_range_offset
                thread_edge_ports.add(port)
        thread_drop_ports = set(
            filter(
                lambda x: x not in range(port_offset, port_offset + port_count),
                thread_edge_ports,
            )
        )

        in_if = self.pg7
        out_if = self.pg8

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)

        try:
            self.configure_ip4_interface(in_if, hosts=worker_count)
            self.configure_ip4_interface(out_if)

            self.nat_add_inside_interface(in_if)
            self.nat_add_outside_interface(out_if)

            # in2out
            tc1 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/tcp"]
            uc1 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/udp"]
            ic1 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/icmp"]
            dc1 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/drops"]

            pkt_count = worker_count * len(thread_edge_ports)

            i2o_pkts = [[] for x in range(0, worker_count)]
            for i in range(0, worker_count):
                remote_host = in_if.remote_hosts[i]
                for port in thread_edge_ports:
                    p = (
                        Ether(dst=in_if.local_mac, src=in_if.remote_mac)
                        / IP(src=remote_host.ip4, dst=out_if.remote_ip4)
                        / TCP(sport=port, dport=port)
                    )
                    i2o_pkts[i].append(p)

                    p = (
                        Ether(dst=in_if.local_mac, src=in_if.remote_mac)
                        / IP(src=remote_host.ip4, dst=out_if.remote_ip4)
                        / UDP(sport=port, dport=port)
                    )
                    i2o_pkts[i].append(p)

                    p = (
                        Ether(dst=in_if.local_mac, src=in_if.remote_mac)
                        / IP(src=remote_host.ip4, dst=out_if.remote_ip4)
                        / ICMP(id=port, seq=port, type="echo-request")
                    )
                    i2o_pkts[i].append(p)

            for i in range(0, worker_count):
                if len(i2o_pkts[i]) > 0:
                    in_if.add_stream(i2o_pkts[i], worker=i)

            self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
            self.pg_start()
            capture = out_if.get_capture(pkt_count * 3)
            for packet in capture:
                self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(packet)
                if packet.haslayer(TCP):
                    self.assert_in_range(
                        packet[TCP].sport,
                        port_offset,
                        port_offset + port_count,
                        "src TCP port",
                    )
                elif packet.haslayer(UDP):
                    self.assert_in_range(
                        packet[UDP].sport,
                        port_offset,
                        port_offset + port_count,
                        "src UDP port",
                    )
                elif packet.haslayer(ICMP):
                    self.assert_in_range(
                        packet[ICMP].id,
                        port_offset,
                        port_offset + port_count,
                        "ICMP id",
                    )
                else:
                    self.fail(
                        ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet (outside network):", packet)
                    )

            if_idx = in_if.sw_if_index
            tc2 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/tcp"]
            uc2 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/udp"]
            ic2 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/icmp"]
            dc2 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/drops"]

            self.assertEqual(tc2[:, if_idx].sum() - tc1[:, if_idx].sum(), pkt_count)
            self.assertEqual(uc2[:, if_idx].sum() - uc1[:, if_idx].sum(), pkt_count)
            self.assertEqual(ic2[:, if_idx].sum() - ic1[:, if_idx].sum(), pkt_count)
            self.assertEqual(dc2[:, if_idx].sum() - dc1[:, if_idx].sum(), 0)

            # out2in
            tc1 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/tcp"]
            uc1 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/udp"]
            ic1 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/icmp"]
            dc1 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/drops"]
            dc3 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/slowpath/drops"]

            # replies to unchanged thread ports should pass on each worker,
            # excluding packets outside dynamic port range
            drop_count = worker_count * len(thread_drop_ports)
            pass_count = worker_count * len(thread_edge_ports) - drop_count

            o2i_pkts = [[] for x in range(0, worker_count)]
            for i in range(0, worker_count):
                for port in thread_edge_ports:
                    p = (
                        Ether(dst=out_if.local_mac, src=out_if.remote_mac)
                        / IP(src=out_if.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
                        / TCP(sport=port, dport=port)
                    )
                    o2i_pkts[i].append(p)

                    p = (
                        Ether(dst=out_if.local_mac, src=out_if.remote_mac)
                        / IP(src=out_if.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
                        / UDP(sport=port, dport=port)
                    )
                    o2i_pkts[i].append(p)

                    p = (
                        Ether(dst=out_if.local_mac, src=out_if.remote_mac)
                        / IP(src=out_if.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
                        / ICMP(id=port, seq=port, type="echo-reply")
                    )
                    o2i_pkts[i].append(p)

            for i in range(0, worker_count):
                if len(o2i_pkts[i]) > 0:
                    out_if.add_stream(o2i_pkts[i], worker=i)

            self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
            self.pg_start()
            capture = in_if.get_capture(pass_count * 3)
            for packet in capture:
                self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(packet)
                if packet.haslayer(TCP):
                    self.assertIn(packet[TCP].dport, thread_edge_ports, "dst TCP port")
                    self.assertEqual(packet[TCP].dport, packet[TCP].sport, "TCP ports")
                elif packet.haslayer(UDP):
                    self.assertIn(packet[UDP].dport, thread_edge_ports, "dst UDP port")
                    self.assertEqual(packet[UDP].dport, packet[UDP].sport, "UDP ports")
                elif packet.haslayer(ICMP):
                    self.assertIn(packet[ICMP].id, thread_edge_ports, "ICMP id")
                    self.assertEqual(packet[ICMP].id, packet[ICMP].seq, "ICMP id & seq")
                else:
                    self.fail(
                        ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet (inside network):", packet)
                    )

            if_idx = out_if.sw_if_index
            tc2 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/tcp"]
            uc2 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/udp"]
            ic2 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/icmp"]
            dc2 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/drops"]
            dc4 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/slowpath/drops"]

            self.assertEqual(tc2[:, if_idx].sum() - tc1[:, if_idx].sum(), pass_count)
            self.assertEqual(uc2[:, if_idx].sum() - uc1[:, if_idx].sum(), pass_count)
            self.assertEqual(ic2[:, if_idx].sum() - ic1[:, if_idx].sum(), pass_count)
            self.assertEqual(dc2[:, if_idx].sum() - dc1[:, if_idx].sum(), 0)
            self.assertEqual(
                dc4[:, if_idx].sum() - dc3[:, if_idx].sum(), drop_count * 3
            )

        finally:
            in_if.unconfig()
            out_if.unconfig()

    def test_delete_interface(self):
        """NAT44ED delete nat interface"""

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)

        interfaces = self.create_loopback_interfaces(4)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(interfaces[0])
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(interfaces[1])
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(interfaces[2])
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(interfaces[2])
        self.vapi.nat44_ed_add_del_output_interface(
            sw_if_index=interfaces[3].sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )

        nat_sw_if_indices = [
            i.sw_if_index
            for i in self.vapi.nat44_interface_dump()
            + list(self.vapi.vpp.details_iter(self.vapi.nat44_ed_output_interface_get))
        ]
        self.assertEqual(len(nat_sw_if_indices), len(interfaces))

        loopbacks = []
        for i in interfaces:
            # delete nat-enabled interface
            self.assertIn(i.sw_if_index, nat_sw_if_indices)
            i.remove_vpp_config()

            # create interface with the same index
            lo = VppLoInterface(self)
            loopbacks.append(lo)
            self.assertEqual(lo.sw_if_index, i.sw_if_index)

            # check interface is not nat-enabled
            nat_sw_if_indices = [
                i.sw_if_index
                for i in self.vapi.nat44_interface_dump()
                + list(
                    self.vapi.vpp.details_iter(self.vapi.nat44_ed_output_interface_get)
                )
            ]
            self.assertNotIn(lo.sw_if_index, nat_sw_if_indices)

        for i in loopbacks:
            i.remove_vpp_config()


@tag_fixme_ubuntu2204
class TestNAT44EDMW(TestNAT44ED):
    """NAT44ED MW Test Case"""

    vpp_worker_count = 4
    max_sessions = 5000

    def test_dynamic(self):
        """NAT44ED dynamic translation test"""
        pkt_count = 1500
        tcp_port_offset = 20
        udp_port_offset = 20
        icmp_id_offset = 20

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        # in2out
        tc1 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/tcp"]
        uc1 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/udp"]
        ic1 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/icmp"]
        dc1 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/drops"]

        i2o_pkts = [[] for x in range(0, self.vpp_worker_count)]

        for i in range(pkt_count):
            p = (
                Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac, src=self.pg0.remote_mac)
                / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
                / TCP(sport=tcp_port_offset + i, dport=20)
            )
            i2o_pkts[p[TCP].sport % self.vpp_worker_count].append(p)

            p = (
                Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac, src=self.pg0.remote_mac)
                / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
                / UDP(sport=udp_port_offset + i, dport=20)
            )
            i2o_pkts[p[UDP].sport % self.vpp_worker_count].append(p)

            p = (
                Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac, src=self.pg0.remote_mac)
                / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
                / ICMP(id=icmp_id_offset + i, type="echo-request")
            )
            i2o_pkts[p[ICMP].id % self.vpp_worker_count].append(p)

        for i in range(0, self.vpp_worker_count):
            if len(i2o_pkts[i]) > 0:
                self.pg0.add_stream(i2o_pkts[i], worker=i)

        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg1.get_capture(pkt_count * 3, timeout=5)

        if_idx = self.pg0.sw_if_index
        tc2 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/tcp"]
        uc2 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/udp"]
        ic2 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/icmp"]
        dc2 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/drops"]

        self.assertEqual(tc2[:, if_idx].sum() - tc1[:, if_idx].sum(), pkt_count)
        self.assertEqual(uc2[:, if_idx].sum() - uc1[:, if_idx].sum(), pkt_count)
        self.assertEqual(ic2[:, if_idx].sum() - ic1[:, if_idx].sum(), pkt_count)
        self.assertEqual(dc2[:, if_idx].sum() - dc1[:, if_idx].sum(), 0)

        self.logger.info(self.vapi.cli("show trace"))

        # out2in
        tc1 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/tcp"]
        uc1 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/udp"]
        ic1 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/icmp"]
        dc1 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/drops"]

        recvd_tcp_ports = set()
        recvd_udp_ports = set()
        recvd_icmp_ids = set()

        for p in capture:
            if TCP in p:
                recvd_tcp_ports.add(p[TCP].sport)
            if UDP in p:
                recvd_udp_ports.add(p[UDP].sport)
            if ICMP in p:
                recvd_icmp_ids.add(p[ICMP].id)

        recvd_tcp_ports = list(recvd_tcp_ports)
        recvd_udp_ports = list(recvd_udp_ports)
        recvd_icmp_ids = list(recvd_icmp_ids)

        o2i_pkts = [[] for x in range(0, self.vpp_worker_count)]
        for i in range(pkt_count):
            p = (
                Ether(dst=self.pg1.local_mac, src=self.pg1.remote_mac)
                / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
                / TCP(dport=choice(recvd_tcp_ports), sport=20)
            )
            o2i_pkts[p[TCP].dport % self.vpp_worker_count].append(p)

            p = (
                Ether(dst=self.pg1.local_mac, src=self.pg1.remote_mac)
                / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
                / UDP(dport=choice(recvd_udp_ports), sport=20)
            )
            o2i_pkts[p[UDP].dport % self.vpp_worker_count].append(p)

            p = (
                Ether(dst=self.pg1.local_mac, src=self.pg1.remote_mac)
                / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
                / ICMP(id=choice(recvd_icmp_ids), type="echo-reply")
            )
            o2i_pkts[p[ICMP].id % self.vpp_worker_count].append(p)

        for i in range(0, self.vpp_worker_count):
            if len(o2i_pkts[i]) > 0:
                self.pg1.add_stream(o2i_pkts[i], worker=i)

        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(pkt_count * 3)
        for packet in capture:
            try:
                self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(packet)
                self.assertEqual(packet[IP].dst, self.pg0.remote_ip4)
                if packet.haslayer(TCP):
                    self.assert_in_range(
                        packet[TCP].dport,
                        tcp_port_offset,
                        tcp_port_offset + pkt_count,
                        "dst TCP port",
                    )
                elif packet.haslayer(UDP):
                    self.assert_in_range(
                        packet[UDP].dport,
                        udp_port_offset,
                        udp_port_offset + pkt_count,
                        "dst UDP port",
                    )
                else:
                    self.assert_in_range(
                        packet[ICMP].id,
                        icmp_id_offset,
                        icmp_id_offset + pkt_count,
                        "ICMP id",
                    )
            except:
                self.logger.error(
                    ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet (inside network):", packet)
                )
                raise

        if_idx = self.pg1.sw_if_index
        tc2 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/tcp"]
        uc2 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/udp"]
        ic2 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/icmp"]
        dc2 = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/drops"]

        self.assertEqual(tc2[:, if_idx].sum() - tc1[:, if_idx].sum(), pkt_count)
        self.assertEqual(uc2[:, if_idx].sum() - uc1[:, if_idx].sum(), pkt_count)
        self.assertEqual(ic2[:, if_idx].sum() - ic1[:, if_idx].sum(), pkt_count)
        self.assertEqual(dc2[:, if_idx].sum() - dc1[:, if_idx].sum(), 0)

        sc = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/total-sessions"]
        self.assertEqual(
            sc[:, 0].sum(),
            len(recvd_tcp_ports) + len(recvd_udp_ports) + len(recvd_icmp_ids),
        )

    def test_frag_in_order(self):
        """NAT44ED translate fragments arriving in order"""

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        self.frag_in_order(proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp, ignore_port=True)
        self.frag_in_order(proto=IP_PROTOS.udp, ignore_port=True)
        self.frag_in_order(proto=IP_PROTOS.icmp, ignore_port=True)

    def test_frag_in_order_do_not_translate(self):
        """NAT44ED don't translate fragments arriving in order"""

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)
        self.vapi.nat44_forwarding_enable_disable(enable=True)

        self.frag_in_order(proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp, dont_translate=True)

    def test_frag_out_of_order(self):
        """NAT44ED translate fragments arriving out of order"""

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        self.frag_out_of_order(proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp, ignore_port=True)
        self.frag_out_of_order(proto=IP_PROTOS.udp, ignore_port=True)
        self.frag_out_of_order(proto=IP_PROTOS.icmp, ignore_port=True)

    def test_frag_in_order_in_plus_out(self):
        """NAT44ED in+out interface fragments in order"""

        in_port = self.random_port()
        out_port = self.random_port()

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg1)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        # add static mappings for server
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.server_addr, self.nat_addr, in_port, out_port, proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp
        )
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.server_addr, self.nat_addr, in_port, out_port, proto=IP_PROTOS.udp
        )
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.server_addr, self.nat_addr, proto=IP_PROTOS.icmp
        )

        # run tests for each protocol
        self.frag_in_order_in_plus_out(
            self.server_addr, self.nat_addr, in_port, out_port, IP_PROTOS.tcp
        )
        self.frag_in_order_in_plus_out(
            self.server_addr, self.nat_addr, in_port, out_port, IP_PROTOS.udp
        )
        self.frag_in_order_in_plus_out(
            self.server_addr, self.nat_addr, in_port, out_port, IP_PROTOS.icmp
        )

    def test_frag_out_of_order_in_plus_out(self):
        """NAT44ED in+out interface fragments out of order"""

        in_port = self.random_port()
        out_port = self.random_port()

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg1)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        # add static mappings for server
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.server_addr, self.nat_addr, in_port, out_port, proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp
        )
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.server_addr, self.nat_addr, in_port, out_port, proto=IP_PROTOS.udp
        )
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.server_addr, self.nat_addr, proto=IP_PROTOS.icmp
        )

        # run tests for each protocol
        self.frag_out_of_order_in_plus_out(
            self.server_addr, self.nat_addr, in_port, out_port, IP_PROTOS.tcp
        )
        self.frag_out_of_order_in_plus_out(
            self.server_addr, self.nat_addr, in_port, out_port, IP_PROTOS.udp
        )
        self.frag_out_of_order_in_plus_out(
            self.server_addr, self.nat_addr, in_port, out_port, IP_PROTOS.icmp
        )

    def test_reass_hairpinning(self):
        """NAT44ED fragments hairpinning"""

        server_addr = self.pg0.remote_hosts[1].ip4

        host_in_port = self.random_port()
        server_in_port = self.random_port()
        server_out_port = self.random_port()

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        # add static mapping for server
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            server_addr,
            self.nat_addr,
            server_in_port,
            server_out_port,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
        )
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            server_addr,
            self.nat_addr,
            server_in_port,
            server_out_port,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.udp,
        )
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(server_addr, self.nat_addr)

        self.reass_hairpinning(
            server_addr,
            server_in_port,
            server_out_port,
            host_in_port,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            ignore_port=True,
        )
        self.reass_hairpinning(
            server_addr,
            server_in_port,
            server_out_port,
            host_in_port,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.udp,
            ignore_port=True,
        )
        self.reass_hairpinning(
            server_addr,
            server_in_port,
            server_out_port,
            host_in_port,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.icmp,
            ignore_port=True,
        )

    def test_session_limit_per_vrf(self):
        """NAT44ED per vrf session limit"""

        inside = self.pg0
        inside_vrf10 = self.pg2
        outside = self.pg1

        limit = 5

        # 2 interfaces pg0, pg1 (vrf10, limit 5 tcp sessions)
        self.vapi.nat44_set_session_limit(session_limit=limit, vrf_id=10)

        # expect error when bad is specified
        with self.vapi.assert_negative_api_retval():
            self.vapi.nat44_set_session_limit(session_limit=limit, vrf_id=20)

        self.nat_add_inside_interface(inside)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(inside_vrf10)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(outside)

        # vrf independent
        self.nat_add_interface_address(outside)

        # BUG: causing core dump - when bad vrf_id is specified
        # self.nat_add_address(outside.local_ip4, vrf_id=20)

        stream = self.create_tcp_stream(inside_vrf10, outside, limit * 2)
        inside_vrf10.add_stream(stream)

        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()

        capture = outside.get_capture(limit)

        stream = self.create_tcp_stream(inside, outside, limit * 2)
        inside.add_stream(stream)

        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()

        capture = outside.get_capture(len(stream))

    def test_show_max_translations(self):
        """NAT44ED API test - max translations per thread"""
        config = self.vapi.nat44_show_running_config()
        self.assertEqual(self.max_sessions, config.sessions)

    def test_lru_cleanup(self):
        """NAT44ED LRU cleanup algorithm"""

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        self.vapi.nat_set_timeouts(
            udp=1, tcp_established=7440, tcp_transitory=30, icmp=1
        )

        tcp_port_out = self.init_tcp_session(self.pg0, self.pg1, 2000, 80)
        pkts = []
        for i in range(0, self.max_sessions - 1):
            p = (
                Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac, src=self.pg0.remote_mac)
                / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4, ttl=64)
                / UDP(sport=7000 + i, dport=80)
            )
            pkts.append(p)

        self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        self.pg1.get_capture(len(pkts))
        self.virtual_sleep(1.5, "wait for timeouts")

        pkts = []
        for i in range(0, self.max_sessions - 1):
            p = (
                Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac, src=self.pg0.remote_mac)
                / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4, ttl=64)
                / ICMP(id=8000 + i, type="echo-request")
            )
            pkts.append(p)

        self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        self.pg1.get_capture(len(pkts))

    def test_session_rst_timeout(self):
        """NAT44ED session RST timeouts"""

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        self.vapi.nat_set_timeouts(
            udp=300, tcp_established=7440, tcp_transitory=5, icmp=60
        )

        self.init_tcp_session(
            self.pg0, self.pg1, self.tcp_port_in, self.tcp_external_port
        )
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=self.tcp_port_in, dport=self.tcp_external_port, flags="R")
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        self.virtual_sleep(6)

        # The session is already closed
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=self.tcp_port_in, dport=self.tcp_external_port, flags="P")
        )
        self.send_and_assert_no_replies(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        # The session can be re-opened
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=self.tcp_port_in, dport=self.tcp_external_port, flags="S")
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

    def test_session_rst_established_timeout(self):
        """NAT44ED session RST timeouts"""

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        self.vapi.nat_set_timeouts(
            udp=300, tcp_established=7440, tcp_transitory=5, icmp=60
        )

        self.init_tcp_session(
            self.pg0, self.pg1, self.tcp_port_in, self.tcp_external_port
        )

        # Wait at least the transitory time, the session is in established
        # state anyway. RST followed by a data packet should move it to
        # transitory state.
        self.virtual_sleep(6)
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=self.tcp_port_in, dport=self.tcp_external_port, flags="R")
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=self.tcp_port_in, dport=self.tcp_external_port, flags="P")
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        # State is transitory, session should be closed after 6 seconds
        self.virtual_sleep(6)

        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=self.tcp_port_in, dport=self.tcp_external_port, flags="P")
        )
        self.send_and_assert_no_replies(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

    def test_dynamic_out_of_ports(self):
        """NAT44ED dynamic translation test: out of ports"""

        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        # in2out and no NAT addresses added
        pkts = self.create_stream_in(self.pg0, self.pg1)

        self.send_and_assert_no_replies(
            self.pg0,
            pkts,
            msg="i2o pkts",
            stats_diff=self.no_diff
            | {
                "err": {
                    "/err/nat44-ed-in2out-slowpath/out of ports": len(pkts),
                },
                self.pg0.sw_if_index: {
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/drops": len(pkts),
                },
            },
        )

        # in2out after NAT addresses added
        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)

        tcpn, udpn, icmpn = (
            sum(x) for x in zip(*((TCP in p, UDP in p, ICMP in p) for p in pkts))
        )

        self.send_and_expect(
            self.pg0,
            pkts,
            self.pg1,
            msg="i2o pkts",
            stats_diff=self.no_diff
            | {
                "err": {
                    "/err/nat44-ed-in2out-slowpath/out of ports": 0,
                },
                self.pg0.sw_if_index: {
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/drops": 0,
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/tcp": tcpn,
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/udp": udpn,
                    "/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/icmp": icmpn,
                },
            },
        )

    def test_unknown_proto(self):
        """NAT44ED translate packet with unknown protocol"""

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        # in2out
        p = (
            Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac, src=self.pg0.remote_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=self.tcp_port_in, dport=20)
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        p = self.pg1.get_capture(1)

        p = (
            Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac, src=self.pg0.remote_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / GRE()
            / IP(src=self.pg2.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg2.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=1234, dport=1234)
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        p = self.pg1.get_capture(1)
        packet = p[0]
        try:
            self.assertEqual(packet[IP].src, self.nat_addr)
            self.assertEqual(packet[IP].dst, self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(packet.haslayer(GRE), 1)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(packet)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", packet))
            raise

        # out2in
        p = (
            Ether(dst=self.pg1.local_mac, src=self.pg1.remote_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / GRE()
            / IP(src=self.pg2.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg2.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=1234, dport=1234)
        )
        self.pg1.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        p = self.pg0.get_capture(1)
        packet = p[0]
        try:
            self.assertEqual(packet[IP].src, self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(packet[IP].dst, self.pg0.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(packet.haslayer(GRE), 1)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(packet)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", packet))
            raise

    def test_hairpinning_unknown_proto(self):
        """NAT44ED translate packet with unknown protocol - hairpinning"""
        host = self.pg0.remote_hosts[0]
        server = self.pg0.remote_hosts[1]
        host_in_port = 1234
        server_out_port = 8765
        server_nat_ip = "10.0.0.11"

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        # add static mapping for server
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(server.ip4, server_nat_ip)

        # host to server
        p = (
            Ether(src=host.mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=host.ip4, dst=server_nat_ip)
            / TCP(sport=host_in_port, dport=server_out_port)
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        self.pg0.get_capture(1)

        p = (
            Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac, src=host.mac)
            / IP(src=host.ip4, dst=server_nat_ip)
            / GRE()
            / IP(src=self.pg2.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg2.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=1234, dport=1234)
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        p = self.pg0.get_capture(1)
        packet = p[0]
        try:
            self.assertEqual(packet[IP].src, self.nat_addr)
            self.assertEqual(packet[IP].dst, server.ip4)
            self.assertEqual(packet.haslayer(GRE), 1)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(packet)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", packet))
            raise

        # server to host
        p = (
            Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac, src=server.mac)
            / IP(src=server.ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / GRE()
            / IP(src=self.pg2.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg2.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=1234, dport=1234)
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        p = self.pg0.get_capture(1)
        packet = p[0]
        try:
            self.assertEqual(packet[IP].src, server_nat_ip)
            self.assertEqual(packet[IP].dst, host.ip4)
            self.assertEqual(packet.haslayer(GRE), 1)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(packet)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", packet))
            raise

    def test_output_feature_and_service(self):
        """NAT44ED interface output feature and services"""
        external_addr = "1.2.3.4"
        external_port = 80
        local_port = 8080

        self.vapi.nat44_forwarding_enable_disable(enable=1)
        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_ADDR_ONLY
        self.vapi.nat44_add_del_identity_mapping(
            ip_address=self.pg1.remote_ip4,
            sw_if_index=0xFFFFFFFF,
            flags=flags,
            is_add=1,
        )
        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_OUT2IN_ONLY
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.pg0.remote_ip4,
            external_addr,
            local_port,
            external_port,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            flags=flags,
        )

        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.vapi.nat44_ed_add_del_output_interface(
            sw_if_index=self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )

        # from client to service
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=external_addr)
            / TCP(sport=12345, dport=external_port)
        )
        self.pg1.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.dst, self.pg0.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, local_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        # from service back to client
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=local_port, dport=12345)
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg1.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, external_addr)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.sport, external_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        # from local network host to external network
        pkts = self.create_stream_in(self.pg0, self.pg1)
        self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg1.get_capture(len(pkts))
        self.verify_capture_out(capture, ignore_port=True)
        pkts = self.create_stream_in(self.pg0, self.pg1)
        self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg1.get_capture(len(pkts))
        self.verify_capture_out(capture, ignore_port=True)

        # from external network back to local network host
        pkts = self.create_stream_out(self.pg1)
        self.pg1.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(len(pkts))
        self.verify_capture_in(capture, self.pg0)

    def test_output_feature_and_service3(self):
        """NAT44ED interface output feature and DST NAT"""
        external_addr = "1.2.3.4"
        external_port = 80
        local_port = 8080

        self.vapi.nat44_forwarding_enable_disable(enable=1)
        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_OUT2IN_ONLY
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.pg1.remote_ip4,
            external_addr,
            local_port,
            external_port,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            flags=flags,
        )

        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.vapi.nat44_ed_add_del_output_interface(
            sw_if_index=self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )

        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=external_addr)
            / TCP(sport=12345, dport=external_port)
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg1.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, self.pg0.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.sport, 12345)
            self.assertEqual(ip.dst, self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, local_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg0.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=local_port, dport=12345)
        )
        self.pg1.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, external_addr)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.sport, external_port)
            self.assertEqual(ip.dst, self.pg0.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, 12345)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

    def test_self_twice_nat_lb_negative(self):
        """NAT44ED Self Twice NAT local service load balancing (negative test)"""
        self.twice_nat_common(lb=True, self_twice_nat=True, same_pg=True, client_id=2)

    def test_self_twice_nat_negative(self):
        """NAT44ED Self Twice NAT (negative test)"""
        self.twice_nat_common(self_twice_nat=True)

    def test_static_lb_multi_clients(self):
        """NAT44ED local service load balancing - multiple clients"""

        external_addr = self.nat_addr
        external_port = 80
        local_port = 8080
        server1 = self.pg0.remote_hosts[0]
        server2 = self.pg0.remote_hosts[1]
        server3 = self.pg0.remote_hosts[2]

        locals = [
            {"addr": server1.ip4, "port": local_port, "probability": 90, "vrf_id": 0},
            {"addr": server2.ip4, "port": local_port, "probability": 10, "vrf_id": 0},
        ]

        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_INSIDE
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg0.sw_if_index, flags=flags, is_add=1
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.vapi.nat44_add_del_lb_static_mapping(
            is_add=1,
            external_addr=external_addr,
            external_port=external_port,
            protocol=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            local_num=len(locals),
            locals=locals,
        )

        server1_n = 0
        server2_n = 0
        clients = ip4_range(self.pg1.remote_ip4, 10, 50)
        pkts = []
        for client in clients:
            p = (
                Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
                / IP(src=client, dst=self.nat_addr)
                / TCP(sport=12345, dport=external_port)
            )
            pkts.append(p)
        self.pg1.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(len(pkts))
        for p in capture:
            if p[IP].dst == server1.ip4:
                server1_n += 1
            else:
                server2_n += 1
        self.assertGreaterEqual(server1_n, server2_n)

        local = {
            "addr": server3.ip4,
            "port": local_port,
            "probability": 20,
            "vrf_id": 0,
        }

        # add new back-end
        self.vapi.nat44_lb_static_mapping_add_del_local(
            is_add=1,
            external_addr=external_addr,
            external_port=external_port,
            local=local,
            protocol=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
        )
        server1_n = 0
        server2_n = 0
        server3_n = 0
        clients = ip4_range(self.pg1.remote_ip4, 60, 110)
        pkts = []
        for client in clients:
            p = (
                Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
                / IP(src=client, dst=self.nat_addr)
                / TCP(sport=12346, dport=external_port)
            )
            pkts.append(p)
        self.assertGreater(len(pkts), 0)
        self.pg1.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(len(pkts))
        for p in capture:
            if p[IP].dst == server1.ip4:
                server1_n += 1
            elif p[IP].dst == server2.ip4:
                server2_n += 1
            else:
                server3_n += 1
        self.assertGreater(server1_n, 0)
        self.assertGreater(server2_n, 0)
        self.assertGreater(server3_n, 0)

        local = {
            "addr": server2.ip4,
            "port": local_port,
            "probability": 10,
            "vrf_id": 0,
        }

        # remove one back-end
        self.vapi.nat44_lb_static_mapping_add_del_local(
            is_add=0,
            external_addr=external_addr,
            external_port=external_port,
            local=local,
            protocol=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
        )
        server1_n = 0
        server2_n = 0
        server3_n = 0
        self.pg1.add_stream(pkts)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(len(pkts))
        for p in capture:
            if p[IP].dst == server1.ip4:
                server1_n += 1
            elif p[IP].dst == server2.ip4:
                server2_n += 1
            else:
                server3_n += 1
        self.assertGreater(server1_n, 0)
        self.assertEqual(server2_n, 0)
        self.assertGreater(server3_n, 0)

    # put zzz in front of syslog test name so that it runs as a last test
    # setting syslog sender cannot be undone and if it is set, it messes
    # with self.send_and_assert_no_replies functionality
    def test_zzz_syslog_sess(self):
        """NAT44ED Test syslog session creation and deletion"""
        self.vapi.syslog_set_filter(self.syslog_severity.SYSLOG_API_SEVERITY_INFO)
        self.vapi.syslog_set_sender(self.pg3.local_ip4, self.pg3.remote_ip4)

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        p = (
            Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac, src=self.pg0.remote_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=self.tcp_port_in, dport=self.tcp_external_port)
        )
        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg1.get_capture(1)
        self.tcp_port_out = capture[0][TCP].sport
        capture = self.pg3.get_capture(1)
        self.verify_syslog_sess(capture[0][Raw].load, "SADD")

        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr, is_add=0)
        capture = self.pg3.get_capture(1)
        self.verify_syslog_sess(capture[0][Raw].load, "SDEL")

    # put zzz in front of syslog test name so that it runs as a last test
    # setting syslog sender cannot be undone and if it is set, it messes
    # with self.send_and_assert_no_replies functionality
    def test_zzz_syslog_sess_reopen(self):
        """Syslog events for session reopen"""
        self.vapi.syslog_set_filter(self.syslog_severity.SYSLOG_API_SEVERITY_INFO)
        self.vapi.syslog_set_sender(self.pg3.local_ip4, self.pg3.remote_ip4)

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        # SYN in2out
        p = (
            Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac, src=self.pg0.remote_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=self.tcp_port_in, dport=self.tcp_external_port)
        )
        capture = self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)[0]
        self.tcp_port_out = capture[0][TCP].sport
        capture = self.pg3.get_capture(1)
        self.verify_syslog_sess(capture[0][Raw].load, "SADD")

        # SYN out2in
        p = (
            Ether(dst=self.pg1.local_mac, src=self.pg1.remote_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=self.tcp_external_port, dport=self.tcp_port_out, flags="SA")
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0)

        p = (
            Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac, src=self.pg0.remote_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=self.tcp_port_in, dport=self.tcp_external_port, flags="A")
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        # FIN in2out
        p = (
            Ether(dst=self.pg0.local_mac, src=self.pg0.remote_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=self.tcp_port_in, dport=self.tcp_external_port, flags="F")
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        # FIN out2in
        p = (
            Ether(dst=self.pg1.local_mac, src=self.pg1.remote_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=self.tcp_external_port, dport=self.tcp_port_out, flags="F")
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0)

        self.init_tcp_session(
            self.pg0, self.pg1, self.tcp_port_in, self.tcp_external_port
        )

        # 2 records should be produced - first one del & add
        capture = self.pg3.get_capture(2)
        self.verify_syslog_sess(capture[0][Raw].load, "SDEL")
        self.verify_syslog_sess(capture[1][Raw].load, "SADD")

    def test_twice_nat_interface_addr(self):
        """NAT44ED Acquire twice NAT addresses from interface"""
        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_TWICE_NAT
        self.vapi.nat44_add_del_interface_addr(
            sw_if_index=self.pg11.sw_if_index, flags=flags, is_add=1
        )

        # no address in NAT pool
        adresses = self.vapi.nat44_address_dump()
        self.assertEqual(0, len(adresses))

        # configure interface address and check NAT address pool
        self.pg11.config_ip4()
        adresses = self.vapi.nat44_address_dump()
        self.assertEqual(1, len(adresses))
        self.assertEqual(str(adresses[0].ip_address), self.pg11.local_ip4)
        self.assertEqual(adresses[0].flags, flags)

        # remove interface address and check NAT address pool
        self.pg11.unconfig_ip4()
        adresses = self.vapi.nat44_address_dump()
        self.assertEqual(0, len(adresses))

    def test_output_feature_stateful_acl(self):
        """NAT44ED output feature works with stateful ACL"""

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.vapi.nat44_ed_add_del_output_interface(
            sw_if_index=self.pg1.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )

        # First ensure that the NAT is working sans ACL

        # send packets out2in, no sessions yet so packets should drop
        pkts_out2in = self.create_stream_out(self.pg1)
        self.send_and_assert_no_replies(self.pg1, pkts_out2in)

        # send packets into inside intf, ensure received via outside intf
        pkts_in2out = self.create_stream_in(self.pg0, self.pg1)
        capture = self.send_and_expect(
            self.pg0, pkts_in2out, self.pg1, len(pkts_in2out)
        )
        self.verify_capture_out(capture, ignore_port=True)

        # send out2in again, with sessions created it should work now
        pkts_out2in = self.create_stream_out(self.pg1)
        capture = self.send_and_expect(
            self.pg1, pkts_out2in, self.pg0, len(pkts_out2in)
        )
        self.verify_capture_in(capture, self.pg0)

        # Create an ACL blocking everything
        out2in_deny_rule = AclRule(is_permit=0)
        out2in_acl = VppAcl(self, rules=[out2in_deny_rule])
        out2in_acl.add_vpp_config()

        # create an ACL to permit/reflect everything
        in2out_reflect_rule = AclRule(is_permit=2)
        in2out_acl = VppAcl(self, rules=[in2out_reflect_rule])
        in2out_acl.add_vpp_config()

        # apply as input acl on interface and confirm it blocks everything
        acl_if = VppAclInterface(
            self, sw_if_index=self.pg1.sw_if_index, n_input=1, acls=[out2in_acl]
        )
        acl_if.add_vpp_config()
        self.send_and_assert_no_replies(self.pg1, pkts_out2in)

        # apply output acl
        acl_if.acls = [out2in_acl, in2out_acl]
        acl_if.add_vpp_config()
        # send in2out to generate ACL state (NAT state was created earlier)
        capture = self.send_and_expect(
            self.pg0, pkts_in2out, self.pg1, len(pkts_in2out)
        )
        self.verify_capture_out(capture, ignore_port=True)

        # send out2in again. ACL state exists so it should work now.
        # TCP packets with the syn flag set also need the ack flag
        for p in pkts_out2in:
            if p.haslayer(TCP) and p[TCP].flags & 0x02:
                p[TCP].flags |= 0x10
        capture = self.send_and_expect(
            self.pg1, pkts_out2in, self.pg0, len(pkts_out2in)
        )
        self.verify_capture_in(capture, self.pg0)
        self.logger.info(self.vapi.cli("show trace"))

    def test_tcp_close(self):
        """NAT44ED Close TCP session from inside network - output feature"""
        config = self.vapi.nat44_show_running_config()
        old_timeouts = config.timeouts
        new_transitory = 2
        self.vapi.nat_set_timeouts(
            udp=old_timeouts.udp,
            tcp_established=old_timeouts.tcp_established,
            icmp=old_timeouts.icmp,
            tcp_transitory=new_transitory,
        )

        self.vapi.nat44_forwarding_enable_disable(enable=1)
        self.nat_add_address(self.pg1.local_ip4)
        twice_nat_addr = "10.0.1.3"
        service_ip = "192.168.16.150"
        self.nat_add_address(twice_nat_addr, twice_nat=1)

        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_INSIDE
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg0.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg0.sw_if_index, flags=flags, is_add=1
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_ed_add_del_output_interface(
            is_add=1, sw_if_index=self.pg1.sw_if_index
        )

        flags = (
            self.config_flags.NAT_IS_OUT2IN_ONLY | self.config_flags.NAT_IS_TWICE_NAT
        )
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.pg0.remote_ip4, service_ip, 80, 80, proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp, flags=flags
        )
        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        start_sessnum = len(sessions)

        # SYN packet out->in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=service_ip)
            / TCP(sport=33898, dport=80, flags="S")
        )
        capture = self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0, n_rx=1)
        p = capture[0]
        tcp_port = p[TCP].sport

        # SYN + ACK packet in->out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=twice_nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=80, dport=tcp_port, flags="SA")
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1, n_rx=1)

        # ACK packet out->in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=service_ip)
            / TCP(sport=33898, dport=80, flags="A")
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0, n_rx=1)

        # FIN packet in -> out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=twice_nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=80, dport=tcp_port, flags="FA", seq=100, ack=300)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1, n_rx=1)

        # FIN+ACK packet out -> in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=service_ip)
            / TCP(sport=33898, dport=80, flags="FA", seq=300, ack=101)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0, n_rx=1)

        # ACK packet in -> out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=twice_nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=80, dport=tcp_port, flags="A", seq=101, ack=301)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1, n_rx=1)

        # session now in transitory timeout, but traffic still flows
        # try FIN packet out->in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=service_ip)
            / TCP(sport=33898, dport=80, flags="F")
        )
        self.pg1.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()

        self.virtual_sleep(new_transitory, "wait for transitory timeout")
        self.pg0.get_capture(1)

        # session should still exist
        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        self.assertEqual(len(sessions) - start_sessnum, 1)

        # send FIN+ACK packet out -> in - will cause session to be wiped
        # but won't create a new session
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=service_ip)
            / TCP(sport=33898, dport=80, flags="FA", seq=300, ack=101)
        )
        self.send_and_assert_no_replies(self.pg1, p)
        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        self.assertEqual(len(sessions) - start_sessnum, 0)

    def test_tcp_session_close_in(self):
        """NAT44ED Close TCP session from inside network"""

        in_port = self.tcp_port_in
        out_port = 10505
        ext_port = self.tcp_external_port

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.pg0.remote_ip4,
            self.nat_addr,
            in_port,
            out_port,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            flags=self.config_flags.NAT_IS_TWICE_NAT,
        )

        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        session_n = len(sessions)

        self.vapi.nat_set_timeouts(
            udp=300, tcp_established=7440, tcp_transitory=2, icmp=5
        )

        self.init_tcp_session(self.pg0, self.pg1, in_port, ext_port)

        # FIN packet in -> out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="FA", seq=100, ack=300)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)
        pkts = []

        # ACK packet out -> in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="A", seq=300, ack=101)
        )
        pkts.append(p)

        # FIN packet out -> in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="FA", seq=300, ack=101)
        )
        pkts.append(p)

        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, pkts, self.pg0)

        # ACK packet in -> out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="A", seq=101, ack=301)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        self.assertEqual(len(sessions) - session_n, 1)

        # retransmit FIN packet out -> in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="FA", seq=300, ack=101)
        )

        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0)

        # retransmit ACK packet in -> out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="A", seq=101, ack=301)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        self.virtual_sleep(3)
        # retransmit ACK packet in -> out - this will cause session to be wiped
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="A", seq=101, ack=301)
        )
        self.send_and_assert_no_replies(self.pg0, p)
        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        self.assertEqual(len(sessions) - session_n, 0)

    def test_tcp_session_close_out(self):
        """NAT44ED Close TCP session from outside network"""

        in_port = self.tcp_port_in
        out_port = 10505
        ext_port = self.tcp_external_port

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.pg0.remote_ip4,
            self.nat_addr,
            in_port,
            out_port,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            flags=self.config_flags.NAT_IS_TWICE_NAT,
        )

        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        session_n = len(sessions)

        self.vapi.nat_set_timeouts(
            udp=300, tcp_established=7440, tcp_transitory=2, icmp=5
        )

        _ = self.init_tcp_session(self.pg0, self.pg1, in_port, ext_port)

        # FIN packet out -> in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="FA", seq=100, ack=300)
        )
        self.pg1.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        self.pg0.get_capture(1)

        # FIN+ACK packet in -> out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="FA", seq=300, ack=101)
        )

        self.pg0.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        self.pg1.get_capture(1)

        # ACK packet out -> in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="A", seq=101, ack=301)
        )
        self.pg1.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        self.pg0.get_capture(1)

        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        self.assertEqual(len(sessions) - session_n, 1)

        # retransmit FIN packet out -> in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="FA", seq=300, ack=101)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0)

        # retransmit ACK packet in -> out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="A", seq=101, ack=301)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        self.virtual_sleep(3)
        # retransmit ACK packet in -> out - this will cause session to be wiped
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="A", seq=101, ack=301)
        )
        self.send_and_assert_no_replies(self.pg0, p)
        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        self.assertEqual(len(sessions) - session_n, 0)

    def test_tcp_session_close_simultaneous(self):
        """Simultaneous TCP close from both sides"""

        in_port = self.tcp_port_in
        ext_port = 10505

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.pg0.remote_ip4,
            self.nat_addr,
            in_port,
            ext_port,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            flags=self.config_flags.NAT_IS_TWICE_NAT,
        )

        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        session_n = len(sessions)

        self.vapi.nat_set_timeouts(
            udp=300, tcp_established=7440, tcp_transitory=2, icmp=5
        )

        out_port = self.init_tcp_session(self.pg0, self.pg1, in_port, ext_port)

        # FIN packet in -> out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="FA", seq=100, ack=300)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        # FIN packet out -> in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="FA", seq=300, ack=100)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0)

        # ACK packet in -> out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="A", seq=101, ack=301)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        # ACK packet out -> in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="A", seq=301, ack=101)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0)

        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        self.assertEqual(len(sessions) - session_n, 1)

        # retransmit FIN packet out -> in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="FA", seq=300, ack=101)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0)

        # retransmit ACK packet in -> out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="A", seq=101, ack=301)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        self.virtual_sleep(3)
        # retransmit ACK packet in -> out - this will cause session to be wiped
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="A", seq=101, ack=301)
        )
        self.pg_send(self.pg0, p)
        self.send_and_assert_no_replies(self.pg0, p)
        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        self.assertEqual(len(sessions) - session_n, 0)

    def test_tcp_session_half_reopen_inside(self):
        """TCP session in FIN/FIN state not reopened by in2out SYN only"""
        in_port = self.tcp_port_in
        ext_port = 10505

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.pg0.remote_ip4,
            self.nat_addr,
            in_port,
            ext_port,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            flags=self.config_flags.NAT_IS_TWICE_NAT,
        )

        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        session_n = len(sessions)

        self.vapi.nat_set_timeouts(
            udp=300, tcp_established=7440, tcp_transitory=2, icmp=5
        )

        out_port = self.init_tcp_session(self.pg0, self.pg1, in_port, ext_port)

        # FIN packet in -> out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="FA", seq=100, ack=300)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        # FIN packet out -> in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="FA", seq=300, ack=100)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0)

        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        self.assertEqual(len(sessions) - session_n, 1)

        # send SYN packet in -> out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="S", seq=101, ack=301)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        self.virtual_sleep(3)
        # send ACK packet in -> out - session should be wiped
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="A", seq=101, ack=301)
        )
        self.send_and_assert_no_replies(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)
        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        self.assertEqual(len(sessions) - session_n, 0)

    def test_tcp_session_half_reopen_outside(self):
        """TCP session in FIN/FIN state not reopened by out2in SYN only"""
        in_port = self.tcp_port_in
        ext_port = 10505

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.pg0.remote_ip4,
            self.nat_addr,
            in_port,
            ext_port,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            flags=self.config_flags.NAT_IS_TWICE_NAT,
        )

        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        session_n = len(sessions)

        self.vapi.nat_set_timeouts(
            udp=300, tcp_established=7440, tcp_transitory=2, icmp=5
        )

        out_port = self.init_tcp_session(self.pg0, self.pg1, in_port, ext_port)

        # FIN packet in -> out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="FA", seq=100, ack=300)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        # FIN packet out -> in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="FA", seq=300, ack=100)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0)

        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        self.assertEqual(len(sessions) - session_n, 1)

        # send SYN packet out -> in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="S", seq=300, ack=101)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0)

        self.virtual_sleep(3)
        # send ACK packet in -> out - session should be wiped
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="A", seq=101, ack=301)
        )
        self.send_and_assert_no_replies(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)
        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        self.assertEqual(len(sessions) - session_n, 0)

    def test_tcp_session_reopen(self):
        """TCP session in FIN/FIN state reopened by SYN from both sides"""
        in_port = self.tcp_port_in
        ext_port = 10505

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.pg0.remote_ip4,
            self.nat_addr,
            in_port,
            ext_port,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            flags=self.config_flags.NAT_IS_TWICE_NAT,
        )

        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        session_n = len(sessions)

        self.vapi.nat_set_timeouts(
            udp=300, tcp_established=7440, tcp_transitory=2, icmp=5
        )

        out_port = self.init_tcp_session(self.pg0, self.pg1, in_port, ext_port)

        # FIN packet in -> out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="FA", seq=100, ack=300)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        # FIN packet out -> in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="FA", seq=300, ack=100)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0)

        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        self.assertEqual(len(sessions) - session_n, 1)

        # send SYN packet out -> in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="S", seq=300, ack=101)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0)

        # send SYN packet in -> out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="SA", seq=101, ack=301)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        # send ACK packet out -> in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="A", seq=300, ack=101)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0)

        self.virtual_sleep(3)
        # send ACK packet in -> out - should be forwarded and session alive
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="A", seq=101, ack=301)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)
        sessions = self.vapi.nat44_user_session_dump(self.pg0.remote_ip4, 0)
        self.assertEqual(len(sessions) - session_n, 1)

    def test_dynamic_vrf(self):
        """NAT44ED dynamic translation test: different VRF"""

        vrf_id_in = 33
        vrf_id_out = 34

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr, vrf_id=vrf_id_in)

        try:
            self.configure_ip4_interface(self.pg7, table_id=vrf_id_in)
            self.configure_ip4_interface(self.pg8, table_id=vrf_id_out)

            self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg7)
            self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg8)

            # just basic stuff nothing special
            pkts = self.create_stream_in(self.pg7, self.pg8)
            self.pg7.add_stream(pkts)
            self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
            self.pg_start()
            capture = self.pg8.get_capture(len(pkts))
            self.verify_capture_out(capture, ignore_port=True)

            pkts = self.create_stream_out(self.pg8)
            self.pg8.add_stream(pkts)
            self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
            self.pg_start()
            capture = self.pg7.get_capture(len(pkts))
            self.verify_capture_in(capture, self.pg7)

        finally:
            self.pg7.unconfig()
            self.pg8.unconfig()

            self.vapi.ip_table_add_del(is_add=0, table={"table_id": vrf_id_in})
            self.vapi.ip_table_add_del(is_add=0, table={"table_id": vrf_id_out})

    def test_dynamic_output_feature_vrf(self):
        """NAT44ED dynamic translation test: output-feature, VRF"""

        # other then default (0)
        new_vrf_id = 22

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.vapi.nat44_ed_add_del_output_interface(
            sw_if_index=self.pg8.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )
        try:
            self.configure_ip4_interface(self.pg7, table_id=new_vrf_id)
            self.configure_ip4_interface(self.pg8, table_id=new_vrf_id)

            # in2out
            tcpn = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/tcp"]
            udpn = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/udp"]
            icmpn = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/icmp"]
            drops = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/drops"]

            pkts = self.create_stream_in(self.pg7, self.pg8)
            self.pg7.add_stream(pkts)
            self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
            self.pg_start()
            capture = self.pg8.get_capture(len(pkts))
            self.verify_capture_out(capture, ignore_port=True)

            if_idx = self.pg8.sw_if_index
            cnt = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/tcp"]
            self.assertEqual(cnt[:, if_idx].sum() - tcpn[:, if_idx].sum(), 2)
            cnt = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/udp"]
            self.assertEqual(cnt[:, if_idx].sum() - udpn[:, if_idx].sum(), 1)
            cnt = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/icmp"]
            self.assertEqual(cnt[:, if_idx].sum() - icmpn[:, if_idx].sum(), 1)
            cnt = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/in2out/slowpath/drops"]
            self.assertEqual(cnt[:, if_idx].sum() - drops[:, if_idx].sum(), 0)

            # out2in
            tcpn = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/tcp"]
            udpn = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/udp"]
            icmpn = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/icmp"]
            drops = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/drops"]

            pkts = self.create_stream_out(self.pg8)
            self.pg8.add_stream(pkts)
            self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
            self.pg_start()
            capture = self.pg7.get_capture(len(pkts))
            self.verify_capture_in(capture, self.pg7)

            if_idx = self.pg8.sw_if_index
            cnt = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/tcp"]
            self.assertEqual(cnt[:, if_idx].sum() - tcpn[:, if_idx].sum(), 2)
            cnt = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/udp"]
            self.assertEqual(cnt[:, if_idx].sum() - udpn[:, if_idx].sum(), 1)
            cnt = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/icmp"]
            self.assertEqual(cnt[:, if_idx].sum() - icmpn[:, if_idx].sum(), 1)
            cnt = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/out2in/fastpath/drops"]
            self.assertEqual(cnt[:, if_idx].sum() - drops[:, if_idx].sum(), 0)

            sessions = self.statistics["/nat44-ed/total-sessions"]
            self.assertEqual(sessions[:, 0].sum(), 3)

        finally:
            self.pg7.unconfig()
            self.pg8.unconfig()

            self.vapi.ip_table_add_del(is_add=0, table={"table_id": new_vrf_id})

    def test_next_src_nat(self):
        """NAT44ED On way back forward packet to nat44-in2out node."""

        twice_nat_addr = "10.0.1.3"
        external_port = 80
        local_port = 8080
        post_twice_nat_port = 0

        self.vapi.nat44_forwarding_enable_disable(enable=1)
        self.nat_add_address(twice_nat_addr, twice_nat=1)
        flags = (
            self.config_flags.NAT_IS_OUT2IN_ONLY
            | self.config_flags.NAT_IS_SELF_TWICE_NAT
        )
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            self.pg6.remote_ip4,
            self.pg1.remote_ip4,
            local_port,
            external_port,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            vrf_id=1,
            flags=flags,
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg6.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )

        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg6.remote_mac, dst=self.pg6.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg6.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=12345, dport=external_port)
        )
        self.pg6.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg6.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, twice_nat_addr)
            self.assertNotEqual(tcp.sport, 12345)
            post_twice_nat_port = tcp.sport
            self.assertEqual(ip.dst, self.pg6.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, local_port)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg6.remote_mac, dst=self.pg6.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg6.remote_ip4, dst=twice_nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=local_port, dport=post_twice_nat_port)
        )
        self.pg6.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg6.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.sport, external_port)
            self.assertEqual(ip.dst, self.pg6.remote_ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, 12345)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

    def test_one_armed_nat44_static(self):
        """NAT44ED One armed NAT and 1:1 NAPT asymmetrical rule"""

        remote_host = self.pg4.remote_hosts[0]
        local_host = self.pg4.remote_hosts[1]
        external_port = 80
        local_port = 8080
        eh_port_in = 0

        self.vapi.nat44_forwarding_enable_disable(enable=1)
        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr, twice_nat=1)
        flags = (
            self.config_flags.NAT_IS_OUT2IN_ONLY | self.config_flags.NAT_IS_TWICE_NAT
        )
        self.nat_add_static_mapping(
            local_host.ip4,
            self.nat_addr,
            local_port,
            external_port,
            proto=IP_PROTOS.tcp,
            flags=flags,
        )
        flags = self.config_flags.NAT_IS_INSIDE
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg4.sw_if_index, is_add=1
        )
        self.vapi.nat44_interface_add_del_feature(
            sw_if_index=self.pg4.sw_if_index, flags=flags, is_add=1
        )

        # from client to service
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg4.remote_mac, dst=self.pg4.local_mac)
            / IP(src=remote_host.ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=12345, dport=external_port)
        )
        self.pg4.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg4.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.dst, local_host.ip4)
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, self.nat_addr)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, local_port)
            self.assertNotEqual(tcp.sport, 12345)
            eh_port_in = tcp.sport
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

        # from service back to client
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg4.remote_mac, dst=self.pg4.local_mac)
            / IP(src=local_host.ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=local_port, dport=eh_port_in)
        )
        self.pg4.add_stream(p)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg4.get_capture(1)
        p = capture[0]
        try:
            ip = p[IP]
            tcp = p[TCP]
            self.assertEqual(ip.src, self.nat_addr)
            self.assertEqual(ip.dst, remote_host.ip4)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.sport, external_port)
            self.assertEqual(tcp.dport, 12345)
            self.assert_packet_checksums_valid(p)
        except:
            self.logger.error(ppp("Unexpected or invalid packet:", p))
            raise

    def test_icmp_error_fwd_outbound(self):
        """NAT44ED ICMP error outbound with forwarding enabled"""

        # Ensure that an outbound ICMP error message is properly associated
        # with the inbound forward bypass session it is related to.
        payload = "H" * 10

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        # enable forwarding and initiate connection out2in
        self.vapi.nat44_forwarding_enable_disable(enable=1)
        p1 = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg0.remote_ip4)
            / UDP(sport=21, dport=20)
            / payload
        )

        self.pg1.add_stream(p1)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg0.get_capture(1)[0]

        self.logger.info(self.vapi.cli("show nat44 sessions"))

        # reply with ICMP error message in2out
        # We cannot reliably retrieve forward bypass sessions via the API.
        # session dumps for a user will only look on the worker that the
        # user is supposed to be mapped to in2out. The forward bypass session
        # is not necessarily created on that worker.
        p2 = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / ICMP(type="dest-unreach", code="port-unreachable")
            / capture[IP:]
        )

        self.pg0.add_stream(p2)
        self.pg_enable_capture(self.pg_interfaces)
        self.pg_start()
        capture = self.pg1.get_capture(1)[0]

        self.logger.info(self.vapi.cli("show nat44 sessions"))

        self.logger.info(ppp("p1 packet:", p1))
        self.logger.info(ppp("p2 packet:", p2))
        self.logger.info(ppp("capture packet:", capture))

    def test_tcp_session_open_retransmit1(self):
        """NAT44ED Open TCP session with SYN,ACK retransmit 1

        The client does not receive the [SYN,ACK] or the
        ACK from the client is lost. Therefore, the [SYN, ACK]
        is retransmitted by the server.
        """

        in_port = self.tcp_port_in
        ext_port = self.tcp_external_port
        payload = "H" * 10

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        self.vapi.nat_set_timeouts(
            udp=300, tcp_established=7440, tcp_transitory=5, icmp=60
        )
        # SYN packet in->out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="S")
        )
        p = self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)[0]
        out_port = p[TCP].sport

        # SYN + ACK packet out->in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="SA")
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0)

        # ACK in->out does not arrive

        # resent SYN + ACK packet out->in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="SA")
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0)

        # ACK packet in->out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="A")
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        # Verify that the data can be transmitted after the transitory time
        self.virtual_sleep(6)

        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="PA")
            / Raw(payload)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

    def test_tcp_session_open_retransmit2(self):
        """NAT44ED Open TCP session with SYN,ACK retransmit 2

        The ACK is lost to the server after the TCP session is opened.
        Data is sent by the client, then the [SYN,ACK] is
        retransmitted by the server.
        """

        in_port = self.tcp_port_in
        ext_port = self.tcp_external_port
        payload = "H" * 10

        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)
        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        self.vapi.nat_set_timeouts(
            udp=300, tcp_established=7440, tcp_transitory=5, icmp=60
        )
        # SYN packet in->out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="S")
        )
        p = self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)[0]
        out_port = p[TCP].sport

        # SYN + ACK packet out->in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="SA")
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0)

        # ACK packet in->out -- not received by the server
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="A")
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        # PUSH + ACK packet in->out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="PA")
            / Raw(payload)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        # resent SYN + ACK packet out->in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="SA")
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0)

        # resent ACK packet in->out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="A")
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        # resent PUSH + ACK packet in->out
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="PA")
            / Raw(payload)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

        # ACK packet out->in
        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg1.remote_mac, dst=self.pg1.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg1.remote_ip4, dst=self.nat_addr)
            / TCP(sport=ext_port, dport=out_port, flags="A")
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg1, p, self.pg0)

        # Verify that the data can be transmitted after the transitory time
        self.virtual_sleep(6)

        p = (
            Ether(src=self.pg0.remote_mac, dst=self.pg0.local_mac)
            / IP(src=self.pg0.remote_ip4, dst=self.pg1.remote_ip4)
            / TCP(sport=in_port, dport=ext_port, flags="PA")
            / Raw(payload)
        )
        self.send_and_expect(self.pg0, p, self.pg1)

    def test_dynamic_ports_exhausted(self):
        """NAT44ED dynamic translation test: address ports exhaused"""

        sessions_per_batch = 128
        n_available_ports = 65536 - 1024
        n_sessions = n_available_ports + 2 * sessions_per_batch

        # set high enough session limit for ports to be exhausted
        self.plugin_disable()
        self.plugin_enable(max_sessions=n_sessions)

        self.nat_add_inside_interface(self.pg0)
        self.nat_add_outside_interface(self.pg1)

        # set timeouts to high for sessions to reallistically expire
        config = self.vapi.nat44_show_running_config()
        old_timeouts = config.timeouts
        self.vapi.nat_set_timeouts(
            udp=21600,
            tcp_established=old_timeouts.tcp_established,
            tcp_transitory=old_timeouts.tcp_transitory,
            icmp=old_timeouts.icmp,
        )

        # in2out after NAT addresses added
        self.nat_add_address(self.nat_addr)

        for i in range(n_sessions // sessions_per_batch):
            pkts = self.create_udp_stream(
                self.pg0,
                self.pg1,
                sessions_per_batch,
                base_port=i * sessions_per_batch + 100,
            )

            self.pg0.add_stream(pkts)
            self.pg_start()

            err = self.statistics.get_err_counter(
                "/err/nat44-ed-in2out-slowpath/out of ports"
            )
            if err > sessions_per_batch:
                break

        # Check for ports to be used no more than once
        ports = set()
        sessions = self.vapi.cli("show nat44 sessions")
        rx = re.compile(
            f" *o2i flow: match: saddr {self.pg1.remote_ip4} sport [0-9]+ daddr {self.nat_addr} dport ([0-9]+) proto UDP.*"
        )
        for line in sessions.splitlines():
            m = rx.match(line)
            if m:
                port = int(m.groups()[0])
                self.assertNotIn(port, ports)
                ports.add(port)

        self.assertGreaterEqual(err, sessions_per_batch)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main(testRunner=VppTestRunner)