traceroute.c

/*-
 * Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
 *      The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 *
 * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
 * Van Jacobson.
 *
 * Special for busybox ported by Vladimir Oleynik <dzo@simtreas.ru> 2001
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
 *    must display the following acknowledgement:
 *      This product includes software developed by the University of
 *      California, Berkeley and its contributors.
 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

/*
 * traceroute host  - trace the route ip packets follow going to "host".
 * Notes
 * -----
 * This program must be run by root or be setuid.  (I suggest that
 * you *don't* make it setuid -- casual use could result in a lot
 * of unnecessary traffic on our poor, congested nets.)
 *
 * I stole the idea for this program from Steve Deering.  Since
 * the first release, I've learned that had I attended the right
 * IETF working group meetings, I also could have stolen it from Guy
 * Almes or Matt Mathis.  I don't know (or care) who came up with
 * the idea first.  I envy the originators' perspicacity and I'm
 * glad they didn't keep the idea a secret.
 *
 * Tim Seaver, Ken Adelman and C. Philip Wood provided bug fixes and/or
 * enhancements to the original distribution.
 *
 * I've hacked up a round-trip-route version of this that works by
 * sending a loose-source-routed udp datagram through the destination
 * back to yourself.  Unfortunately, SO many gateways botch source
 * routing, the thing is almost worthless.  Maybe one day...
 *
 *  -- Van Jacobson (van@helios.ee.lbl.gov)
 *     Tue Dec 20 03:50:13 PST 1988
 */

#undef BB_FEATURE_TRACEROUTE_VERBOSE
//#define BB_FEATURE_TRACEROUTE_VERBOSE
#undef BB_FEATURE_TRACEROUTE_SO_DEBUG   /* not in documentation man */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <endian.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netinet/udp.h>
#include <netinet/ip.h>
#include <netinet/ip_icmp.h>

 
 /* It turns out that libc5 doesn't have proper icmp support
 * built into it header files, so we have to supplement it */
#if __GNU_LIBRARY__ < 5
static const int ICMP_MINLEN = 8;				/* abs minimum */

struct icmp_ra_addr
{
  u_int32_t ira_addr;
  u_int32_t ira_preference;
};


struct icmp
{
  u_int8_t  icmp_type;	/* type of message, see below */
  u_int8_t  icmp_code;	/* type sub code */
  u_int16_t icmp_cksum;	/* ones complement checksum of struct */
  union
  {
    u_char ih_pptr;		/* ICMP_PARAMPROB */
    struct in_addr ih_gwaddr;	/* gateway address */
    struct ih_idseq		/* echo datagram */
    {
      u_int16_t icd_id;
      u_int16_t icd_seq;
    } ih_idseq;
    u_int32_t ih_void;

    /* ICMP_UNREACH_NEEDFRAG -- Path MTU Discovery (RFC1191) */
    struct ih_pmtu
    {
      u_int16_t ipm_void;
      u_int16_t ipm_nextmtu;
    } ih_pmtu;

    struct ih_rtradv
    {
      u_int8_t irt_num_addrs;
      u_int8_t irt_wpa;
      u_int16_t irt_lifetime;
    } ih_rtradv;
  } icmp_hun;
#define	icmp_pptr	icmp_hun.ih_pptr
#define	icmp_gwaddr	icmp_hun.ih_gwaddr
#define	icmp_id		icmp_hun.ih_idseq.icd_id
#define	icmp_seq	icmp_hun.ih_idseq.icd_seq
#define	icmp_void	icmp_hun.ih_void
#define	icmp_pmvoid	icmp_hun.ih_pmtu.ipm_void
#define	icmp_nextmtu	icmp_hun.ih_pmtu.ipm_nextmtu
#define	icmp_num_addrs	icmp_hun.ih_rtradv.irt_num_addrs
#define	icmp_wpa	icmp_hun.ih_rtradv.irt_wpa
#define	icmp_lifetime	icmp_hun.ih_rtradv.irt_lifetime
  union
  {
    struct
    {
      u_int32_t its_otime;
      u_int32_t its_rtime;
      u_int32_t its_ttime;
    } id_ts;
    struct
    {
      struct ip idi_ip;
      /* options and then 64 bits of data */
    } id_ip;
    struct icmp_ra_addr id_radv;
    u_int32_t   id_mask;
    u_int8_t    id_data[1];
  } icmp_dun;
#define	icmp_otime	icmp_dun.id_ts.its_otime
#define	icmp_rtime	icmp_dun.id_ts.its_rtime
#define	icmp_ttime	icmp_dun.id_ts.its_ttime
#define	icmp_ip		icmp_dun.id_ip.idi_ip
#define	icmp_radv	icmp_dun.id_radv
#define	icmp_mask	icmp_dun.id_mask
#define	icmp_data	icmp_dun.id_data
};

#define	ICMP_MINLEN	8				/* abs minimum */
#define	ICMP_UNREACH		3		/* dest unreachable, codes: */
#define	ICMP_TIMXCEED		11		/* time exceeded, code: */
#define	ICMP_TIMXCEED_INTRANS	0		/* ttl==0 in transit */
#define	ICMP_UNREACH_NET	        0	/* bad net */
#define	ICMP_UNREACH_HOST	        1	/* bad host */
#define	ICMP_UNREACH_PROTOCOL	        2	/* bad protocol */
#define	ICMP_UNREACH_PORT	        3	/* bad port */
#define	ICMP_UNREACH_NEEDFRAG	        4	/* IP_DF caused drop */
#define	ICMP_UNREACH_SRCFAIL	        5	/* src route failed */
#endif


#define MAXPACKET       65535   /* max ip packet size */
#ifndef MAXHOSTNAMELEN
#define MAXHOSTNAMELEN  64
#endif

/*
 * format of a (udp) probe packet.
 */
struct opacket {
	struct ip ip;
	struct udphdr udp;
	u_char seq;             /* sequence number of this packet */
	u_char ttl;             /* ttl packet left with */
	struct timeval tv;      /* time packet left */
};

/*
 * Definitions for internet protocol version 4.
 * Per RFC 791, September 1981.
 */
#define IPVERSION       4


#include "busybox.h"

static u_char  packet[512];            /* last inbound (icmp) packet */
static struct opacket  *outpacket;     /* last output (udp) packet */

static int s;                          /* receive (icmp) socket file descriptor */
static int sndsock;                    /* send (udp) socket file descriptor */

static struct sockaddr whereto;        /* Who to try to reach */
static int datalen;                    /* How much data */

static char *hostname;

static int max_ttl = 30;
static u_short ident;
static u_short port = 32768+666;       /* start udp dest port # for probe packets */

#ifdef BB_FEATURE_TRACEROUTE_VERBOSE
static int verbose;
#endif
static int waittime = 5;               /* time to wait for response (in seconds) */
static int nflag;                      /* print addresses numerically */

/*
 * Construct an Internet address representation.
 * If the nflag has been supplied, give
 * numeric value, otherwise try for symbolic name.
 */
static inline void
inetname(struct sockaddr_in *from)
{
	char *cp;
	struct hostent *hp;
	static char domain[MAXHOSTNAMELEN + 1];
	static int first = 1;
	const char *ina;

	if (first && !nflag) {
		first = 0;
		if (gethostname(domain, MAXHOSTNAMELEN) == 0 &&
		    (cp = strchr(domain, '.')))
			(void) strcpy(domain, cp + 1);
		else
			domain[0] = 0;
	}
	cp = 0;
	if (!nflag && from->sin_addr.s_addr != INADDR_ANY) {
		hp = gethostbyaddr((char *)&(from->sin_addr), sizeof (from->sin_addr), AF_INET);
		if (hp) {
			if ((cp = strchr(hp->h_name, '.')) &&
			    !strcmp(cp + 1, domain))
				*cp = 0;
			cp = (char *)hp->h_name;
		}
	}
	ina = inet_ntoa(from->sin_addr);
	if (nflag)
		printf(" %s", ina);
	else
		printf(" %s (%s)", (cp ? cp : ina), ina);
}

static inline void
print(u_char *buf, int cc, struct sockaddr_in *from)
{
	struct ip *ip;
	int hlen;

	ip = (struct ip *) buf;
	hlen = ip->ip_hl << 2;
	cc -= hlen;

	inetname(from);
#ifdef BB_FEATURE_TRACEROUTE_VERBOSE
	if (verbose)
		printf (" %d bytes to %s", cc, inet_ntoa (ip->ip_dst));
#endif
}

static inline double
deltaT(struct timeval *t1p, struct timeval *t2p)
{
	double dt;

	dt = (double)(t2p->tv_sec - t1p->tv_sec) * 1000.0 +
	     (double)(t2p->tv_usec - t1p->tv_usec) / 1000.0;
	return (dt);
}

static inline int
wait_for_reply(int sock, struct sockaddr_in *from, int reset_timer)
{
	fd_set fds;
	static struct timeval wait;
	int cc = 0;
	int fromlen = sizeof (*from);

	FD_ZERO(&fds);
	FD_SET(sock, &fds);
	if (reset_timer) {
		/*
		 * traceroute could hang if someone else has a ping
		 * running and our ICMP reply gets dropped but we don't
		 * realize it because we keep waking up to handle those
		 * other ICMP packets that keep coming in.  To fix this,
		 * "reset_timer" will only be true if the last packet that
		 * came in was for us or if this is the first time we're
		 * waiting for a reply since sending out a probe.  Note
		 * that this takes advantage of the select() feature on
		 * Linux where the remaining timeout is written to the
		 * struct timeval area.
		 */
		wait.tv_sec = waittime;
		wait.tv_usec = 0;
	}

	if (select(sock+1, &fds, (fd_set *)0, (fd_set *)0, &wait) > 0)
		cc=recvfrom(s, (char *)packet, sizeof(packet), 0,
			    (struct sockaddr *)from, &fromlen);

	return(cc);
}

#ifdef BB_FEATURE_TRACEROUTE_VERBOSE
/*
 * Convert an ICMP "type" field to a printable string.
 */
static inline const char *
pr_type(t)
	u_char t;
{
	static const char * const ttab[] = {
	"Echo Reply",   "ICMP 1",       "ICMP 2",       "Dest Unreachable",
	"Source Quench", "Redirect",    "ICMP 6",       "ICMP 7",
	"Echo",         "ICMP 9",       "ICMP 10",      "Time Exceeded",
	"Param Problem", "Timestamp",   "Timestamp Reply", "Info Request",
	"Info Reply"
	};

	if(t > 16)
		return("OUT-OF-RANGE");

	return(ttab[t]);
}
#endif

static inline int
packet_ok(u_char *buf, int cc, struct sockaddr_in *from, int seq)
{
	struct icmp *icp;
	u_char type, code;
	int hlen;
	struct ip *ip;

	ip = (struct ip *) buf;
	hlen = ip->ip_hl << 2;
	if (cc < hlen + ICMP_MINLEN) {
#ifdef BB_FEATURE_TRACEROUTE_VERBOSE
		if (verbose)
			printf("packet too short (%d bytes) from %s\n", cc,
				inet_ntoa(from->sin_addr));
#endif
		return (0);
	}
	cc -= hlen;
	icp = (struct icmp *)(buf + hlen);
	type = icp->icmp_type; code = icp->icmp_code;
	if ((type == ICMP_TIMXCEED && code == ICMP_TIMXCEED_INTRANS) ||
	    type == ICMP_UNREACH) {
		struct ip *hip;
		struct udphdr *up;

		hip = &icp->icmp_ip;
		hlen = hip->ip_hl << 2;
		up = (struct udphdr *)((u_char *)hip + hlen);
		if (hlen + 12 <= cc && hip->ip_p == IPPROTO_UDP &&
		    up->source == htons(ident) &&
		    up->dest == htons(port+seq))
			return (type == ICMP_TIMXCEED? -1 : code+1);
	}
#ifdef BB_FEATURE_TRACEROUTE_VERBOSE
	if (verbose) {
		int i;
		u_long *lp = (u_long *)&icp->icmp_ip;

		printf("\n%d bytes from %s to %s: icmp type %d (%s) code %d\n",
			cc, inet_ntoa(from->sin_addr), inet_ntoa(ip->ip_dst),
			type, pr_type(type), icp->icmp_code);
		for (i = 4; i < cc ; i += sizeof(long))
			printf("%2d: x%8.8lx\n", i, *lp++);
	}
#endif
	return(0);
}

static void             /* not inline */
send_probe(int seq, int ttl)
{
	struct opacket *op = outpacket;
	struct ip *ip = &op->ip;
	struct udphdr *up = &op->udp;
	int i;
	struct timezone tz;

	ip->ip_off = 0;
	ip->ip_hl = sizeof(*ip) >> 2;
	ip->ip_p = IPPROTO_UDP;
	ip->ip_len = datalen;
	ip->ip_ttl = ttl;
	ip->ip_v = IPVERSION;
	ip->ip_id = htons(ident+seq);

	up->source = htons(ident);
	up->dest = htons(port+seq);
	up->len = htons((u_short)(datalen - sizeof(struct ip)));
	up->check = 0;

	op->seq = seq;
	op->ttl = ttl;
	(void) gettimeofday(&op->tv, &tz);

	i = sendto(sndsock, (char *)outpacket, datalen, 0, &whereto,
		   sizeof(struct sockaddr));
	if (i < 0 || i != datalen)  {
		if (i<0)
			perror("sendto");
		printf("traceroute: wrote %s %d chars, ret=%d\n", hostname,
			datalen, i);
		(void) fflush(stdout);
	}
}


int
#ifndef BB_TRACEROUTE
main(argc, argv)
#else
traceroute_main(argc, argv)
#endif
	int argc;
	char *argv[];
{
	extern char *optarg;
	extern int optind;
	struct hostent *hp;
	struct sockaddr_in from, *to;
	int ch, i, on, probe, seq, tos, ttl;

	int options = 0;                /* socket options */
	char *source = 0;
	int nprobes = 3;

	on = 1;
	seq = tos = 0;
	to = (struct sockaddr_in *)&whereto;
	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "dm:np:q:rs:t:w:v")) != EOF)
		switch(ch) {
		case 'd':
#ifdef BB_FEATURE_TRACEROUTE_SO_DEBUG
			options |= SO_DEBUG;
#endif
			break;
		case 'm':
			max_ttl = atoi(optarg);
			if (max_ttl <= 1)
				error_msg_and_die("max ttl must be >1.");
			break;
		case 'n':
			nflag++;
			break;
		case 'p':
			port = atoi(optarg);
			if (port < 1)
				error_msg_and_die("port must be >0.");
			break;
		case 'q':
			nprobes = atoi(optarg);
			if (nprobes < 1)
				error_msg_and_die("nprobes must be >0.");
			break;
		case 'r':
			options |= SO_DONTROUTE;
			break;
		case 's':
			/*
			 * set the ip source address of the outbound
			 * probe (e.g., on a multi-homed host).
			 */
			source = optarg;
			break;
		case 't':
			tos = atoi(optarg);
			if (tos < 0 || tos > 255)
				error_msg_and_die("tos must be 0 to 255.");
			break;
		case 'v':
#ifdef BB_FEATURE_TRACEROUTE_VERBOSE
			verbose++;
#endif
			break;
		case 'w':
			waittime = atoi(optarg);
			if (waittime <= 1)
				error_msg_and_die("wait must be >1 sec.");
			break;
		default:
			show_usage();
		}
	argc -= optind;
	argv += optind;

	if (argc < 1)
		show_usage();

	setlinebuf (stdout);

	memset(&whereto, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr));
	hp = xgethostbyname(*argv);
			to->sin_family = hp->h_addrtype;
	memcpy(&to->sin_addr, hp->h_addr, hp->h_length);
			hostname = (char *)hp->h_name;
	if (*++argv)
		datalen = atoi(*argv);
	if (datalen < 0 || datalen >= MAXPACKET - sizeof(struct opacket))
		error_msg_and_die("packet size must be 0 <= s < %d.",
		    MAXPACKET - sizeof(struct opacket));
	datalen += sizeof(struct opacket);
	outpacket = (struct opacket *)xmalloc((unsigned)datalen);
	memset(outpacket, 0, datalen);
	outpacket->ip.ip_dst = to->sin_addr;
	outpacket->ip.ip_tos = tos;
	outpacket->ip.ip_v = IPVERSION;
	outpacket->ip.ip_id = 0;

	ident = (getpid() & 0xffff) | 0x8000;

	if ((sndsock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_RAW)) < 0)
		perror_msg_and_die(can_not_create_raw_socket);

	s = create_icmp_socket();

#ifdef BB_FEATURE_TRACEROUTE_SO_DEBUG
	if (options & SO_DEBUG)
		(void) setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DEBUG,
				  (char *)&on, sizeof(on));
#endif
	if (options & SO_DONTROUTE)
		(void) setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DONTROUTE,
				  (char *)&on, sizeof(on));
#ifdef SO_SNDBUF
	if (setsockopt(sndsock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, (char *)&datalen,
		       sizeof(datalen)) < 0)
		perror_msg_and_die("SO_SNDBUF");
#endif SO_SNDBUF
#ifdef IP_HDRINCL
	if (setsockopt(sndsock, IPPROTO_IP, IP_HDRINCL, (char *)&on,
		       sizeof(on)) < 0)
		perror_msg_and_die("IP_HDRINCL");
#endif IP_HDRINCL
#ifdef BB_FEATURE_TRACEROUTE_SO_DEBUG
	if (options & SO_DEBUG)
		(void) setsockopt(sndsock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DEBUG,
				  (char *)&on, sizeof(on));
#endif
	if (options & SO_DONTROUTE)
		(void) setsockopt(sndsock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DONTROUTE,
				  (char *)&on, sizeof(on));

	if (source) {
		memset(&from, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr));
		from.sin_family = AF_INET;
		from.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(source);
		if (from.sin_addr.s_addr == -1)
			error_msg_and_die("unknown host %s", source);
		outpacket->ip.ip_src = from.sin_addr;
#ifndef IP_HDRINCL
		if (bind(sndsock, (struct sockaddr *)&from, sizeof(from)) < 0)
			perror_msg_and_die("bind");
#endif IP_HDRINCL
	}

	fprintf(stderr, "traceroute to %s (%s)", hostname,
		inet_ntoa(to->sin_addr));
	if (source)
		fprintf(stderr, " from %s", source);
	fprintf(stderr, ", %d hops max, %d byte packets\n", max_ttl, datalen);

	for (ttl = 1; ttl <= max_ttl; ++ttl) {
		u_long lastaddr = 0;
		int got_there = 0;
		int unreachable = 0;

		printf("%2d ", ttl);
		for (probe = 0; probe < nprobes; ++probe) {
			int cc, reset_timer;
			struct timeval t1, t2;
			struct timezone tz;
			struct ip *ip;

			(void) gettimeofday(&t1, &tz);
			send_probe(++seq, ttl);
			reset_timer = 1;
			while ((cc = wait_for_reply(s, &from, reset_timer)) != 0) {
				(void) gettimeofday(&t2, &tz);
				if ((i = packet_ok(packet, cc, &from, seq))) {
					reset_timer = 1;
					if (from.sin_addr.s_addr != lastaddr) {
						print(packet, cc, &from);
						lastaddr = from.sin_addr.s_addr;
					}
					printf("  %g ms", deltaT(&t1, &t2));
					switch(i - 1) {
					case ICMP_UNREACH_PORT:
						ip = (struct ip *)packet;
						if (ip->ip_ttl <= 1)
							printf(" !");
						++got_there;
						break;
					case ICMP_UNREACH_NET:
						++unreachable;
						printf(" !N");
						break;
					case ICMP_UNREACH_HOST:
						++unreachable;
						printf(" !H");
						break;
					case ICMP_UNREACH_PROTOCOL:
						++got_there;
						printf(" !P");
						break;
					case ICMP_UNREACH_NEEDFRAG:
						++unreachable;
						printf(" !F");
						break;
					case ICMP_UNREACH_SRCFAIL:
						++unreachable;
						printf(" !S");
						break;
					}
					break;
				} else
					reset_timer = 0;
			}
			if (cc == 0)
				printf(" *");
			(void) fflush(stdout);
		}
		putchar('\n');
		if (got_there || unreachable >= nprobes-1)
			exit(0);
	}

	return 0;
}