docs/overview.rst - oransc/ric-plt/a1 - Gitiles

 .. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-4.0

 A1 Overview
 ===========

 The RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) Platform's A1 Mediator component listens for policy
 type and policy instance requests sent via HTTP (the "northbound" interface),
 and publishes those requests to running xApps via RMR messages (the "southbound" interface).

 Code
 ----

 Code is managed in this Gerrit repository:

 https://gerrit.o-ran-sc.org/r/admin/repos/ric-plt/a1


 Policy Overview
 ----------------
 There are two "object types" associated with policy: policy types and policy instances.

 Policy types define the name, description, and most importantly the schema of all instances of that type. Think of policy types as defining a JSON schema for the messages sent from A1 to xapps.

 Xapps do not receive policy types from A1; types are used only by A1 to validate instance creation requests. However, xapps must register to receive instances of type ids in their xapp descriptor.

 Xapp developers can also create new policy types, though the exact process of where these are stored is still TBD. For practical purposes, when the RIC is running, A1s API needs to be invoked to load the policy types before instances can be created.

 Policy instances are concrete instantiations of a policy type. They give concrete values of a policy. There may be many instances of a single type. Whenever a policy instance is created in A1, messages are sent over RMR to all xapps registered for that policy type; see below.

 Xapps can "sign up" for multiple policy types using their xapp descriptor.

 Xapps are expected to handle multiple simultaneous instances of each type that they are registered for.

 Xapps supporting A1


 Integrating Xapps with A1
 -------------------------

 A1 to Xapps
 ~~~~~~~~~~~
 When A1 sends a message to xapps, the schema for messages from A1 to the xapp is defined by ``downstream_message_schema`` in ``docs/a1_xapp_contract_openapi.yaml``

 All policy instance requests get sent from A1 using message type 20010

 Xapps to A1
 ~~~~~~~~~~~
 There are three scenarios in which Xapps are to send a message to A1:

 1. When an xapp receives a CREATE message for a policy instance. Xapps must respond to these requests by sending a message of type 20011 to A1.
    The schema for that message is defined by ``downstream_notification_schema`` in ``docs/a1_xapp_contract_openapi.yaml``.
    Note, if the Xapp uses RTS for this, do not forget to change the message type before replying!
 2. Since policy instances can "deprecate" other instances, there are times when xapps need to asyncronously tell A1 that a policy is no longer active. Same message type and schema.
 3. Xapps can request A1 to re-send all instances of a type T using a query, message 20012.
    The schema for that message is defined by ``policy_query_schema`` in ``docs/a1_xapp_contract_openapi.yaml`` (just a body with ``{policy_type_id}: ...}```.
    When A1 receives this, A1 will send the xapp a CREATE message N times, where N is the number of policy instances for type T. The xapp should reply normally to each of those as per bullet 1.
    That is, after the Xapp performs the query, the N CREATE messages sent and the N replies are "as normal".
    The query just kicks off this process rather than an external caller to A1.


 Known differences from A1 1.0.0 spec
 ------------------------------------
 This is a list of some of the known differences between the API here and the a1 spec dated 2019.09.30.
 In some cases, the spec is deficient and we are "ahead", in other cases this does not yet conform to recent spec changes.

 1. [RIC is ahead] There is no notion of policy types in the spec, however this aspect is quite critical for the intended use of the RIC, where many Xapps may implement the same policy, and new Xapps may be created often that define new types. Moreover, policy types define the schema for policy instances, and without types, A1 cannot validate whether instances are valid, which the RIC A1m does. The RIC A1m view of things is that, there are a set of schemas, called policy types, and one or more instances of each schema can be created. Instances are validated against types. The spec currently provides no mechanism for the implementation of A1 to know whether policy [instances] are correct since there is no schema for them. This difference has the rather large consequence that none of the RIC A1m URLs match the spec.

 2. [RIC is ahead] There is a rich status URL in the RIC A1m for policy instances, but this is not in the spec.

 3. [RIC is ahead] There is a state machine for when instances are actually deleted from the RIC (at which point all URLs referencing it are a 404); this is a configurable option when deploying the RIC A1m.

 4. [CR coming to spec] The spec contains a PATCH for partially updating a policy instance, and creating/deleting multiple instances, however the team agreed to remove this from a later version of the Spec. The RIC A1m does not have this operation.

 5. [Spec is ahead] The RIC A1 PUT bodies for policy instances do not exactly conform to the "scope" and "statements" block that the spec defines. They are very close otherwise, however.
    (I would argue some of the spec is redundant; for example "policy [instance] id" is a key inside the PUT body to create an instance, but it is already in the URL.)

 6. [Spec is ahead] The RIC A1m does not yet notify external clients when instance statuses change.

 7. [Spec is ahead] The spec defines that a query of all policy instances should return the full bodies, however right now the RIC A1m returns a list of IDs (assuming subsequent queries can fetch the bodies).

 8. [?] The spec document details some very specific "types", but the RIC A1m allows these to be loaded in (see #1). For example, spec section 4.2.6.2. We believe this should be removed from the spec and rather defined as a type. Xapps can be created that define new types, so the spec will quickly become "stale" if "types" are defined in the spec.


 Resiliency
 ----------

 A1 is resilient to the majority of failures, but not all currently (though a solution is known).

 A1 uses the RIC SDL library to persist all policy state information: this includes the policy types, policy instances, and policy statuses.
 If state is built up in A1, and A1 fails (where Kubernetes will then restart it), none of this state is lost.

 The tiny bit of state that *is currently* in A1 (volatile) is it's "next second" job queue.
 Specifically, when policy instances are created or deleted, A1 creates jobs in a job queue (in memory).
 An rmr thread polls that thread every second, dequeues the jobs, and performs them.

 If A1 were killed at *exactly* the right time, you could have jobs lost, meaning the PUT or DELETE of an instance wouldn't actually take.
 This isn't drastic, as the operations are idempotent and could always be re-performed.

 In order for A1 to be considered completely resilient, this job queue would need to be moved to SDL.
 SDL uses Redis as a backend, and Redis natively supports queues via LIST, LPUSH, RPOP.
 I've asked the SDL team to consider an extension to SDL to support these Redis operations.
	.. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
	.. SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-4.0

	A1 Overview
	===========

	The RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) Platform's A1 Mediator component listens for policy
	type and policy instance requests sent via HTTP (the "northbound" interface),
	and publishes those requests to running xApps via RMR messages (the "southbound" interface).

	Code
	----

	Code is managed in this Gerrit repository:

	https://gerrit.o-ran-sc.org/r/admin/repos/ric-plt/a1


	Policy Overview
	----------------
	There are two "object types" associated with policy: policy types and policy instances.

	Policy types define the name, description, and most importantly the schema of all instances of that type. Think of policy types as defining a JSON schema for the messages sent from A1 to xapps.

	Xapps do not receive policy types from A1; types are used only by A1 to validate instance creation requests. However, xapps must register to receive instances of type ids in their xapp descriptor.

	Xapp developers can also create new policy types, though the exact process of where these are stored is still TBD. For practical purposes, when the RIC is running, A1s API needs to be invoked to load the policy types before instances can be created.

	Policy instances are concrete instantiations of a policy type. They give concrete values of a policy. There may be many instances of a single type. Whenever a policy instance is created in A1, messages are sent over RMR to all xapps registered for that policy type; see below.

	Xapps can "sign up" for multiple policy types using their xapp descriptor.

	Xapps are expected to handle multiple simultaneous instances of each type that they are registered for.

	Xapps supporting A1


	Integrating Xapps with A1
	-------------------------

	A1 to Xapps
	~~~~~~~~~~~
	When A1 sends a message to xapps, the schema for messages from A1 to the xapp is defined by ``downstream_message_schema`` in ``docs/a1_xapp_contract_openapi.yaml``

	All policy instance requests get sent from A1 using message type 20010

	Xapps to A1
	~~~~~~~~~~~
	There are three scenarios in which Xapps are to send a message to A1:

	1. When an xapp receives a CREATE message for a policy instance. Xapps must respond to these requests by sending a message of type 20011 to A1.
	The schema for that message is defined by ``downstream_notification_schema`` in ``docs/a1_xapp_contract_openapi.yaml``.
	Note, if the Xapp uses RTS for this, do not forget to change the message type before replying!
	2. Since policy instances can "deprecate" other instances, there are times when xapps need to asyncronously tell A1 that a policy is no longer active. Same message type and schema.
	3. Xapps can request A1 to re-send all instances of a type T using a query, message 20012.
	The schema for that message is defined by ``policy_query_schema`` in ``docs/a1_xapp_contract_openapi.yaml`` (just a body with ``{policy_type_id}: ...}```.
	When A1 receives this, A1 will send the xapp a CREATE message N times, where N is the number of policy instances for type T. The xapp should reply normally to each of those as per bullet 1.
	That is, after the Xapp performs the query, the N CREATE messages sent and the N replies are "as normal".
	The query just kicks off this process rather than an external caller to A1.


	Known differences from A1 1.0.0 spec
	------------------------------------
	This is a list of some of the known differences between the API here and the a1 spec dated 2019.09.30.
	In some cases, the spec is deficient and we are "ahead", in other cases this does not yet conform to recent spec changes.

	1. [RIC is ahead] There is no notion of policy types in the spec, however this aspect is quite critical for the intended use of the RIC, where many Xapps may implement the same policy, and new Xapps may be created often that define new types. Moreover, policy types define the schema for policy instances, and without types, A1 cannot validate whether instances are valid, which the RIC A1m does. The RIC A1m view of things is that, there are a set of schemas, called policy types, and one or more instances of each schema can be created. Instances are validated against types. The spec currently provides no mechanism for the implementation of A1 to know whether policy [instances] are correct since there is no schema for them. This difference has the rather large consequence that none of the RIC A1m URLs match the spec.

	2. [RIC is ahead] There is a rich status URL in the RIC A1m for policy instances, but this is not in the spec.

	3. [RIC is ahead] There is a state machine for when instances are actually deleted from the RIC (at which point all URLs referencing it are a 404); this is a configurable option when deploying the RIC A1m.

	4. [CR coming to spec] The spec contains a PATCH for partially updating a policy instance, and creating/deleting multiple instances, however the team agreed to remove this from a later version of the Spec. The RIC A1m does not have this operation.

	5. [Spec is ahead] The RIC A1 PUT bodies for policy instances do not exactly conform to the "scope" and "statements" block that the spec defines. They are very close otherwise, however.
	(I would argue some of the spec is redundant; for example "policy [instance] id" is a key inside the PUT body to create an instance, but it is already in the URL.)

	6. [Spec is ahead] The RIC A1m does not yet notify external clients when instance statuses change.

	7. [Spec is ahead] The spec defines that a query of all policy instances should return the full bodies, however right now the RIC A1m returns a list of IDs (assuming subsequent queries can fetch the bodies).

	8. [?] The spec document details some very specific "types", but the RIC A1m allows these to be loaded in (see #1). For example, spec section 4.2.6.2. We believe this should be removed from the spec and rather defined as a type. Xapps can be created that define new types, so the spec will quickly become "stale" if "types" are defined in the spec.


	Resiliency
	----------

	A1 is resilient to the majority of failures, but not all currently (though a solution is known).

	A1 uses the RIC SDL library to persist all policy state information: this includes the policy types, policy instances, and policy statuses.
	If state is built up in A1, and A1 fails (where Kubernetes will then restart it), none of this state is lost.

	The tiny bit of state that is currently in A1 (volatile) is it's "next second" job queue.
	Specifically, when policy instances are created or deleted, A1 creates jobs in a job queue (in memory).
	An rmr thread polls that thread every second, dequeues the jobs, and performs them.

	If A1 were killed at exactly the right time, you could have jobs lost, meaning the PUT or DELETE of an instance wouldn't actually take.
	This isn't drastic, as the operations are idempotent and could always be re-performed.

	In order for A1 to be considered completely resilient, this job queue would need to be moved to SDL.
	SDL uses Redis as a backend, and Redis natively supports queues via LIST, LPUSH, RPOP.
	I've asked the SDL team to consider an extension to SDL to support these Redis operations.